Study on CO2 Emission from Newly Created Marshes of Pengxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir

自2008年7月初至9月底,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法观测了三峡水库澎溪河新生湿地4种植物群落的CO2排放通量。结果表明,4种植物群落CO2排放通量有明显的空间差异。藨草群落CO2排放通量最大,其值为(627.8±335.9)mg.m-2.h-1,灯芯草群落CO2排放通量最低,其值为(450.4±271.5)mg.m-2.h-1。地上生物量较大的藨草群落和双穗雀稗群落具有较大的CO2排放通量,而地上生物量较小的灯芯草群落及水烛群落CO2排放通量较小。与植物呼吸作用相关的地上生物量等生态因子有助于解释不同湿地植物群落CO2排放通量的差异。澎溪河新生湿地CO2排放通量具有典型的时间动态,即7月中旬到8月中旬之间CO2排放通量最大。水温和土壤(5 cm深度)温度与CO2排放通量显著相关(r=0.577,0.557,p<0.001),湿地地表积水和湿地土壤温度季节变化可以解释澎溪河新生湿地CO2排放通量的时间变化。     

农田土壤生态系统冬小麦夏玉米轮作CO2排放特征研究

采用静态箱法对旱地农田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作生态系统CO2排放进行了定位观测,并利用气象色谱进行分析而研究了北方地区典型旱地农田土壤CO2排放特征.结果表明,旱地农田土壤冬小麦-夏玉米轮作期间CO2的平均排放通量由大到小依次排列为:无机-有机肥配合施用的处理110.78 mg·m-2·h-1,单施无机肥处理79.58 mg·m-2·h-1,无追肥处理74.20 mg·m-2·h-1,休闲地54.91 mg·m-2·h-1.作物生长状况与土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸强度的主要因素,而试验数据分析结果表明土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)与CO2排放通量无直接关系.其中,小麦拔节期、玉米的拔节期到喇叭口期的土壤CO2排放通量均较高.     

北京昆玉河夏季水-气界面CO2通量日变化研究

以昆玉河为例,采用LGR-动态通量箱法,对城市河流夏季水-气界面CO2释放通量进行24h连续监测．结果表明,观测点处水-气界面CO2释放通量具有明显的日变化特征．24h内CO2释放通量在-27．18～12．51mg·m1·h1,平均值-7．28mg·m-2·h-1,昼间平均值为-8．81mg·m-2·h-1,夜间平均值为-4．22mg·m-2·h．24h内水-气界面CO2通量,极大值出现在21：20为12．51mg·mq·h-1,极小值出现在6：20为-27．18mg·m1·h～．在夏季城市河流水-气界面CO2通量受到气温、风速、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、总碱度（TA）等因素影响,使城市河流成为大气CO2的碳“汇”之一．     

外源硫酸盐添加对福州平原稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放的影响

以福州平原稻田为研究对象,对对照与硫酸盐添加处理稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放通量进行了测定与分析.研究结果表明:对照与硫酸盐添加处理稻田甲烷排放通量分别为0.09~16.90和0.02~9.60mg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为3.66和2.81 mg·m-2·h-1;氧化亚氮排放通量分别为-55.67~63.73和-25.25~51.88μg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为7.71和9.48μg·m-2·h-1;温室气体综合增温效应分别为2 264.5和1 728.47 kg·hm-2(CO2).硫酸盐的添加降低了稻田甲烷排放通量,增加了氧化亚氮排放通量,但稻田温室气体综合增温效应降低了24%.从水稻产量特征来看,硫酸盐添加处理水稻产量有所增加.因此,硫酸盐添加可作为亚热带稻田温室气体减排的有效方法.     

北方农牧交错带不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率探究

农牧交错带地区土地利用方式多变,人为的改变土地利用方式会影响土壤释放CO2的速率.分别对新开垦农田、多年耕种农田、退耕还草草地、多年生草地4种利用类型的土壤温度、土壤有机碳含量、土壤呼吸速率进行监测和研究,结果表明：4种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化图像呈单峰性曲线,其中草地平均呼吸速率最大,为0.85g·m-2·d-1.4种土地利用类型土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关关系,其中新开垦农田变化明显,K值最高,达到0.045.从整个生长季来看,4种土地利用类型平均呼吸速率表现为新开农田＞草地＞还草草地＞农田,分别为0.97g·m-2·d-1、0.85g·m-2·d-1、0.77g·m-2·d-1和0.56g·m-2·d-1.0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量大小关系与土壤呼吸速率基本吻合.试验表明不论对草地进行开垦还是对农田进行退耕还草都会增加土壤CO2的释放.     

黄土旱塬区麦田土壤碳排放特征及其与休闲裸地的差异

利用Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,于2014-03~2014-06研究了黄土旱塬区麦田(RT)土壤CO2排放特征及其与休闲裸地(ck)的差异。结果表明:(1)RT和ck等2个处理土壤CO2排放速率的日、季节变化趋势均呈单峰曲线;在小麦返青至拔节期土壤CO2排放速率日变化峰值出现在13∶00前后,而在开花至成熟期土壤CO2排放速率日变化峰值出现在11∶00前后;土壤CO2排放速率季节变化的最大值出现在小麦拔节中期,最小值出现在小麦灌浆后期;观测日麦田土壤CO2排放速率平均值为221 mg·(m2·h)-1,比休闲裸地的201 mg·(m2·h)-1约高出9.05%。(2)回归分析表明,土壤CO2排放速率与土壤水分和温度均成二次函数关系(P0.05)。随着土层深度的增加,相关性逐渐降低。在同一土层深度下,RT处理土壤CO2排放速率与土壤中水的质量分数和温度的相关性均高于ck处理。(3)相关分析表明,土壤CO2排放速率与土壤细菌数量和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。综合分析表明,黄土高原种植小麦能增加土壤碳排放,并且土壤中水的质量分数对土壤CO2排放速率的影响大于土壤温度对土壤CO2排放速率的影响,土壤细菌数量和过氧化氢酶活性能够显著影响土壤CO2排放速率。     

内蒙古温带半干旱羊草草原温室气体N2O和CH4通量变化特征

利用透光密闭箱对内蒙古半干旱典型草原羊草草地土壤-植被系统温室气体N2O和CH4通量进行了较长期的原位观测研究.研究结果表明:内蒙古温带半干旱典型草原作为大气N2O的源和CH4的汇而起作用,N2O与CH4的通量强度分别是:0.6～22.6μgm-zh-1和-1～-217μgm-2h-1.N2O和CH4的通量具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,并且主要的环境因子(温度、水分)对其有重要影响.N2O通量的季节变化特征表现为:夏季最高,由春、秋至冬逐次降低;CH4通量的季节变化特征表现为:由春至冬依次减弱.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水-气界面N2O通量特征

采用气象色谱-密闭式暗箱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾水-气界面N2O通量进行了为期1年的观测.结果表明,香溪河库湾水-气界面N2O通量呈明显的季节性变化特征,秋末、冬季N2O释放通量高于其他季节,且呈明显的波动状态;夏季和秋季N2O排放水平较低,通量变化范围较小.总体上,香溪河库湾水-气界面N2O全年呈释放状态,但释放通量较小,与加拿大魁北克地区水库N2O释放通量相当.下游A点的释放通量明显高于中游B点,其年平均释放通量分别为0.226mg.m-2.d-1和0.164mg.m-2.d-1.通过对N2O释放通量与环境因子的相关性分析发现,香溪河下游A点的N2O释放通量受气温、水温、pH值等影响显著;而B点的N2O释放通量除与气温相关性较显著外,与其他环境因子的关系不显著.     

天然温带草地CO2通量排放规律研究

以天然状态下（无牧、无施肥、无割草、无灌溉）内蒙古温带半干旱典型草原羊草草原为主要研究对象，利用静态箱法和气相色谱法进行草地田间CO2通量的原位观测实验.采用SPSS统计分析软件，研究分析了1998年5月至1999年5月，2001年至2003年，共4个实验观测年CO₂通量的观测数据与主要的环境因子(土壤含水量、降雨量、空气温度、地表温度、不同土层温度)间的相关性.结果表明：温带草地土壤CO₂排放通量具有明显的日变化特征，不同的生长状态对于其日变化特征具有明显的影响；主要的环境因子中只有表层土壤含水量与草地CO₂排放通量的日变化具有显著的正相关性；草地CO₂排放通量的季节变化显著而且不同的年份其变化特征也各不相同；降雨量的季节分布与其季节通量的变化特征间具有极显著的正相关性；4年的实验观测的统计分析表明：表层土壤含水量是温带半干旱草地CO₂排放通量主要控制因子.CO₂排放通量的年际变化不显著，以4年观测的平均年通量估算我国温带草地CO2年排放量是3.17Pg，约占全球土壤CO₂年排放量的1.23%，对于全球碳循环有着重要影响.     

制备方法对NiO/γ-Al2O3催化剂重整活性的影响

利用固定床流动反应装置,研究了NiO/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备方法对CH4与CO2转化制合成气催化活性的影响.在本实验条件下,采用浸渍法和焙烧温度为400℃制备的NiO/γ-Al2O3(w=0.113)催化剂,在反应温度为750C和空速为2500h-1下,对CH4和CO2重整反应会显示良好的催化活性.本文还对催化剂抗积炭性能作初步讨论.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-