长输管道水击压力计算方法分析

本文分析了两种摩阻计算公式和不同的摩阻差分方法对管内瞬变流动过程计算结果的影响,并对计算结果进行了比较.结果表明.摩阻项计算值小.会导致计算的水击压力波峰值衰减快.用达西公式计算摩阻.计算过程简便;用列宾宗公式计算摩阻.可以提高计算精度.对长输管道中间泵站边界条件,给出了经验处理方法.     

管内两相流沿程摩阻压降与单相摩阻系数

在两相流动阻力计算中至今还是广泛使用均相模型和分相模型法．在这两种模型中，将两相流动摩阻压降归结为单相流体摩阻压降与相应的两相摩擦因子的乘积，从不同来源得到了两组公式，能够反映不同流态下水力摩阻系数λ。两组公式在全部雷诺数Re范围内的良好吻合，证明在用两相流的均相和分相模型计算摩阻压降时，选用其中任一组公式均可得到比较可靠的结果     

管内两相流沿程摩阻压降与单相摩阻系数

在两相流动阻力计算中至今还是广泛使用均相模型和分相模型法。在这两种模型中，将两相流动摩阻压降归结为单相流体摩阻压降与上应的两相摩擦因子的乘积，从不同来源得到了两组公式，能够反映了不同流态下水力摩阻系数λ。两组公式在全部雷诺数Ｒｅ范围内的良好吻合，证明在用两相流的均相和分相模型计算摩阻压降时，选用行一组公式均可得到比较可靠的效果。     

用表观黏度计算幂律流体摩阻的方法及其应用

在计算非牛顿含蜡原油管道输送的沿程摩阻时,通常采用幂律流体的摩阻计算公式.通过理论分析和算例验证表明,若紊流时雷诺数的计算采用管壁处的表观黏度,层流时雷诺数的计算采用距径向位置0.7788R处的表观黏度(R为管道半径),则圆管中幂律流体的流动摩阻可以用牛顿流体的公式来计算.此方法得到的结果与按传统幂律流体计算方法所得结果接近.采用该方法为热油管路特性的分析提供了方便.     

考虑流变特性改变的水力压裂管内摩阻计算模型研究

水力压裂管内摩阻的准确计算是确定井底压力和地层破裂压力的关键。压裂过程中由于压裂液与地层之间的热交换,压裂液的流动温度会发生明显变化;而温度的改变会影响压裂液的流变特性,使得不同深度处单位长度流体流动摩阻发生改变。通过建立油管注液过程管内流体温度分布数学模型,得到了不同油管注入排量下管内液体温度沿井深的分布。结合温度对压裂液流动特性的影响实验,考虑压裂液流性指数和稠度系数沿井深的变化,建立了压裂过程中管内流动摩阻的分段计算模型。通过与现场实测摩阻数据对比,模型与传统不考虑压裂液流变特性改变的摩阻力计算模型相比更为符合工程实际。     

用表观黏度计算幂律流体摩阻的方法及其应用

在计算非牛顿含蜡原油管道输送的沿程摩阻时，通常采用幂律流体的摩阻计算公式．通过理论分析和算例验证表明，若紊流时雷诺数的计算采用管壁处的表观黏度，层流时雷诺数的计算采用距径向位置0．7788R处的表观黏度(R为管道半径)，则圆管中幂律流体的流动摩阻可以用牛顿流体的公式来计算．此方法得到的结果与按传统幂律流体计算方法所得结果接近．采用该方法为热油管路特性的分析提供了方便．     

凝析天然气管道分层流动相间水力摩阻系数计算式评价

前人已经得出了许多计算分层流动相间水力摩阻系数的经验、半经验半理论的公式.然而,由于它们多是以室内小型实验架上得到的数据为基础,虽然与各自的实验结果符合较好,但是普遍存在适用范围窄、精度低的缺陷.获得了大型多相流环道上的实验数据,并利用这些数据对部分常用的经验公式进行了评价.依据评价结果认为,当气相速度低于15m/s时,依据Chen等人的关联式的计算值与实验结果比较接近,误差不超过13.2%;当气相速度大于15m/s时,Hart等人的模型预测值与实验结果符合较好,误差普遍介于0~15.94%之间.因此,在凝析气管道的分层流动计算中,当气速较低时,推荐使用Chen等人的计算模型;而当气速较高时,则推荐采用Hart等人的模型来计算相间水力摩阻系数.     

连续油管螺旋段摩阻压耗数值模拟

根据流体力学理论,以连续性方程和N-S方程为控制方程,对连续油管螺旋段牛顿流体流动进行数值模拟,研究螺旋段的流动特性及其摩阻压耗的变化规律,在此基础上以迪恩数和曲率为自变量、考虑曲率和管路的几何尺寸对摩阻系数的影响,建立一套针对牛顿流体预测螺旋段摩阻系数的回归公式,并与精选的几个适用性较强的预测公式进行对比。结果表明:由于二次流的存在,螺旋段的流动压耗较一般直管段大,且不能忽略;回归公式在层流和紊流区预测结果与适用性较强的公式结果具有很好的一致性,验证了用数值模拟方法研究螺旋段的可行性。所提出的螺旋段摩阻压耗预测公式可为连续油管流体力学研究提供方法和理论上的支持。     

等温输油管路混合摩擦区水力摩阻计算的讨论

对于等温输油管路混合摩阻区水头损失的计算。本文推荐采用lg k/d替换我国目前使用公式[注1]系数A中的lgε。计算结果表明,按本文观点计算,所得结果,精度较高。本中顺便对文献[1]所推荐的水力摩阻公式:进行了讨论。通过分析、对比,认为该式不符合原始公式且可适用的管径范围狭窄,用于一般管径的输油钢管时,水力摩阻系数偏高。     

基于动态摩阻的大落差输油管道 不稳定流动模拟

大落差输油管道高程起伏大,压力波动大,易由停泵、关阀等工况引发不稳定流动,导致管道局部压力降低和油品气化,引发弥合水击等现象。为准确预测大落差管道不稳定中流动压力、流量的变化,基于连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,建立了大落差管道不稳定流动分析模型;结合Brunone-Vitkovsky动态摩阻模型,描述不稳定流动过程中的液体惯性加速带来的附加摩阻损失;采用特征线法和有限差分法求解模型。以某大落差管道中间泵站停泵工况为例,分析基于稳态摩阻与动态摩阻仿真的管道不稳定流动特征。结果表明：在稳定流动工况下,基于稳态摩阻和动态摩阻计算的管道压力、流量参数是一致的,但是在不稳定流动条件下基于动态摩阻计算的压力、流量比稳态摩阻模型值偏低。因此,基于动态模拟方法分析大落差输油管道的不稳定流动,对于提高管道压力、流量等工艺参数的预测精度,制定更加有效的不稳定流动安全防护措施具有重要意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.