近十年海洋来源木霉属真菌次生代谢产物研究进展

木霉（Trichoderma spp.）是一类自然界广泛存在于土壤中的真菌类群,属于半知菌门（Deuteromycotina）丝孢目（Moniliales）木霉属（Trichoderma sp.）。海洋中的木霉属真菌因其高盐、高压和缺氧的特殊环境,能够产生更多结构新颖、生物活性独特的次生代谢产物。木霉属真菌的次生代谢产物主要包括聚酮、肽类、萜类以及其他类型,这些化合物具有细胞毒、抗菌、酶抑制等多种生物活性。本文综述近十年来海洋来源木霉属真菌中分离的新次生代谢产物,并对这些新化合物的生物活性进行归纳总结。     

Construction of Streptomyces lydicus A01 transformant with the chit33 gene from Trichoderma harzianum CECT2413 and its biocontrol effect on Fusaria

Streptomyces lydicus A01 resists many plant pathogens (including Fusarium spp.) by producing the antifungal agent natamycin, which binds to the ergosterol of fungal cell membranes and inhibits the growth of pathogens. Trichoderma harzianum CECT2413 is a widely-distributed soil fungus that antagonizes several plant fungal pathogens (including Fusarium spp.) by producing chi-tinase and degrading chitin, a major component of the fungal cell wall. This study attempted to enhance the biocontrol effect of S. lydicus A01 on Fusarium spp. by transforming the chitinase gene of Trichoderma. Chitinase and natamycin could act synergisti-cally on both the cell walls and cell membranes of pathogens. The 33-kD chitinase-encoding gene (chit33) was cloned and conju-gal-transformed from T. harzianum CECT2413 to S. lydicus A01, and then confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Subsequent analyses using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry showed that compared with its wild type strain (WT), the S. lydicus A01 conjugal transformant (CT) with chit33 gene exhibited substantially higher chi-tinase activity and natamycin production. The resistance of S. lydicus A01-chit33 CT and WT to four Fusaria in crops and vegetables was tested via the cup-plate method. Compared with the WT, the conjugal transformant of S. lydicus A01 with chit33 gene from T. harzianum CECT2413 showed greatly increased biocontrol effect on fusarium disease. This study would be beneficial to the development of high-quality antifungal bio-agents for agricultural applications via the synergy between the previously non-existent and pre-existing functions achieved through heterogeneous gene transformation.     

Phylogenetic positions of some genera and species of the family Buccinidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca) from China based on ribosomal RNA and COI sequences

A phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Buccinidae was conducted using 18S rRNA gene, 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ gene. We studied 18 species of Buccinidae that belong to eight different genera and inhabit the China coastal seas. We analyzed the patterns of divergence between an outgroup and basal ingroup taxa, the monophyly of the genus Neptunea, and the position of one unnamed species within the Buccinidae. A phylogenetic tree (neighbor-joining (NJ) method) was reconstructed based on the sequences of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI, with Rapana venosa as outgroup. The NJ tree indicated that the 18 species could be divided into five groups. The genus Buccinum was monophyletic, whereas Neptunea was shown to be paraphyletic since it included Siphonalia subdilatata and Neptunea sp., a new species. This novel species otherwise clustered consistently with Neptunea cumingi in three other phylogenetic trees, showing a low genetic distance and divergence percentage of sequences belonging to the genus Neptunea. A smaller genetic distance and a smaller difference of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI sequences between Neptunea cumingii and Neptunea arthritica cumingii confirmed them to be the same species.     

New fossil ommatid (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Ommatidae) from Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China

In this paper one new genus and one new species of fossil ommatid, Odontomma trachylaena gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Based on wide epipleural space of elytron with several rows of cells, the new taxa is attributed to tribe Brochocoleini of Ommatidae and compared with genus Brochocoleus. Due to the fact that most other Chinese Mesozoic ommatids are not complete, the complete preservation of the new specimens reported here enabled us to determine the characteristics of the body of these ancient ommatid. Moreover, based on the well-preserved individual of this new genus, we may suppose the affinities of the new species with extant and extinct groups.     

Advances in the phylogenesis of Agaricales and its higher ranks and strategies for establishing phylogenetic hypotheses

We present an overview of previous research results on the molecular phylogenetic analyses in Agaricales and its higher ranks （Agaricomycetes/Agaricomycotina/Basidiomycota） along with the most recent treatments of taxonomic systems in these taxa. Establishing phylogenetic hypotheses using DNA sequences, from which an understanding of the natural evolutionary relationships amongst clades may be derived, requires a robust dataset. It has been recognized that single-gene phylogenies may not truly represent organismal phylogenies, but the concordant phylogenetic genealogies from multiple-gene datasets can resolve this problem. The genes commonly used in mushroom phylogenetic research are summarized.     

Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor

THE false-truffles (Hymenogastrales) are a group of basidomycetous fungi that produce underground truffle-like basidiocarps. They are generally believed to be independently derived from several mushroom lineages, but extensive morphological divergence often obscures recognition of these phylogenetic connections. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA now demonstrate a surprisingly close relationship between species of false-truffles in the genus Rhizopogon (Hymenogastraceae) and the mushroom genus Suillus (Boletaceae). The striking morphological differences separating all Suillus species from Rhizopogon imply an acceleration in the rate of morphological change relative to molecular change during the evolution of these false-truffles from their mushroom ancestors. This acceleration can best be explained by rapid morphological divergence resulting from selective pressures which may have acted on a small number of developmental genes.     

Local-scale drivers of multi-stemmed tree formation in Acer,in a temperate forest of Northeast China

Acer is an important genus in temperate forests in Northeast China.Individual Acer trees can re-sprout from the root collar and can occur in clonal units,either as a single-stemmed or multi-stemmed tree.However,the factors that induce multiple-stems in Acer remain only partly understood.In this study,we determined the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables in driving the production of multiple-stems in this genus,within a 25-hm~2experimental forest dynamics plot in Changbaishan(CBS)temperate forest.We used generalized linear mixed models to perform analyses at two levels(community-and specieslevel).We found seven Acer species in total within the plot,where they form a key part of the forest community.Our results show that abiotic factors play a more important role in producing multi-stemmed trees at the community level in CBS.At the species level,the relative importance of different factors varied among species.Shrub species tended to have a higher frequency of multi-stemmed trees under stressful conditions,whereas tree species tended to have more multi-stemmed trees in more suitable habitat.Our results indicate that the relative importance of different factors influencing the frequency of multi-stemmed individuals in Acer differs at the community and species level in the temperate forest.     

Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China

Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, principally from Shihuiba (Lufeng) and the Yuanmou Basin, and represent three species of Lufengpithecus. They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth, but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou. Here we describe a new, relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba, also in Yunnan. It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba, Lufengpithecus lufengensis. Lufengpithecus has most often been linked to the extant orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, but recent studies of the crania from Shihuiba and Yuanmou have demonstrated that this is unlikely. The new cranium reinforces the view that Lufengpithecus represents a distinct, late surviving lineage of large apes in the late Miocene of East Asia that does not appear to be closely affiliated with any extant ape lineage. It substantially increases knowledge of cranial morphology in Lufengpithecus and demonstrates that species of this genus represent a morphologically diverse radiation of apes, which is consistent with the dynamic tectonic and biotic milieu of southwestern China in the late Miocene.     

Tree barks as a natural trap for airborne spores and pollen grains from China

The present article deals with the use of tree barks as a natural trap for airborne spores and pollen grains in China. The study carried out at the southern part of Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences has yielded a variety of palynomorphs mostly belonging to tree taxa. New methodologies for extraction of palynomorphs from tree barks have been suggested. Bark samples were collected from three taxa, i.e., Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. （Scrophulariaceae）, Quercus dentata Thunb. （Fagaceae）, and Picea meyeri Rehder ＆ E.H. Wilson （Pinaceae） having different bark morphologies. P. fortunei with a comparatively soft and fissured bark is believed to have a greater potential for trapping airborne spores and pollen grains compared to the stiff and less fissured barks of Q. dentata and the scaly bark of P. meyeri. Old barks yield better data in terms of quantity and quality of trapped pollen and spores. The present study throws new light on the modern pollen rain, spore-pollen dispersal, and their deposition in and aroundBeijing Botanical Garden, and other different parts of China.     

First discovery of fossil Diplothrix (Muridae, Rodentia) outside the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

The first Diplothrix (Muridae, Rodentia) fossils of the early Early Pleistocene are described as D. yangziensis sp. nov., which were collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province, Eastern China. Diplothrix was previously represented by a single species, D. legata, whose geographical distribution during the Late Pleistocene is restricted to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. With straight chevrons on M1, distinct t3 and t9 on upper molars, primitive M3, mlc on m1, and developed a-lab on m2 and m3, the new species is morphologically distinct from other large murids in East Asia, and should belong to the genus Diplothrix. There are also differences in molar morphology between the new species and D. legata, the type species of Diplothrix, as well as other known fossils. For example, D. yangziensis sp. nov. has a smaller size, a more elongated crown, developed precingulum and pc on M1, more primitive M3, weaker mlc and more primitive pc on m1, and stronger plc and pc on m3. In short, Diplothrix yangziensis sp. nov. is evidently more primitive than D. legata, suggesting that the former is likely the ancestor of the latter. Diplothrix yangziensis sp. nov. is the first discovery of the genus outside the Ryukyu Islands, Japan and is also the earliest and most primitive species of the genus in Eurasia. Its discovery has significant implications for reconstructing the evolution and dispersal pattern of Diplothrix, as well as for discussing its palaeoecological variation.     

The polypores of Guizhou Province I

对贵州省宽阔水自然保护区和黔灵山的多孔菌进行了初步研究,共发现多孔菌35种,其中中国新纪录种6个,贵州新记录种19个.3个分类单位只鉴定到属,它们明显是中国以前未报道的种类,或为新种.松生层孔菌Fomitopsispinicola(Sw.:Fr.)P.Karst.,树舌灵芝Ganoderma applanatum(pers.)Pat.,粗皮灵芝Ganodermatsunodae(Lloyd)Trott.和平丝硬孔菌Rigidoporus lineatus(Pers.:Fr.)Ryvarden为树木病原菌.     

A STUDY OF CLADISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION ON THE GENUS KALIMERIS (COMPOSITAE)

本文对马兰属植物１１种２变种１变型的系统发育和分类进行了分支系统学研究,结果表明马兰属可分成三组即心叶组、甘川组和马兰组,它们的演化趋势为心叶组→甘川组→马兰组．同时,本文对种间亲缘关系进行了讨论,认为多形马兰应上升为种,羽裂叶毡毛变型与羽叶马兰合并     

贵州多孔菌研究I

对贵州省宽阔水自然保护区和黔灵山的多孔菌进行了初步研究，共发现多孔菌35种，其中中国新纪录种6个，贵州新记录种19个。3个分类单位只鉴定到属，它们明显是中国以前未报道的种类，或为新种。松生层孔菌Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw．：Fr．)P．Karst．，树舌灵芝Ganoderma applanatum (pers．)Pat．，粗皮灵芝Ganoderma tsunodae (Lloyd)Trott．和平丝硬孔菌Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers．：Fr．)Ryvarden为树木病原菌。     

Fungal diversity on fallen leaves of Ficus in northern Thailand

Fallen leaves of Ficus altissima, F. virens, F. benjamina, F. fistulosa and F. semicordata, were collected in Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand and examined for fungi. Eighty taxa were identified, comprising 56 anamorphic taxa, 23 ascomycetes and l basidiomycete. Common fungal species occurring on five host species with high frequency of occurrence were Beltraniella nilgirica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Ophioceras leptosporum, Periconia byssoides and Septonema harknessi. Colletotrichum and Stachybotrys were also common genera. The leaves of different Ficus species supported diverse fungal taxa, and the fungal assemblages on the different hosts showed varying overlap. The fungal diversity of saprobes at the host species level is discussed.     

山茶科系统发育诠释：Ⅸ.山茶属的原始特征及其演化趋向

讨论和比较了关于山茶属演化趋向的两种观点，认为根据现存种类及目前发现的化石资料，花无梗，苞被不分化为苞片和萼片，代表了山茶属的原始特征；而花梗伸长，引起了苞萼分化，苞片在花梗上疏离，宿存，脱落或减少，演化出更加进步的类群；而苞被保持不分化，多数状态下也可能在花和果等方面得到演化，体现了系统发育和个体发育在山茶属内次级分类群中并不一致     

Molecular phylogeny of European and African Barbus and their West Asian relatives in the Cyprininae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The phylogenetic relationships of European and African Barbus and their West Asian relatives in Cyprininae remain largely unresolved. Consequently, little is known about the drivers of their evolution, including the possible association of uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with the early divergence of the subfamily. We use complete sequence data of the mitochondrial DNA gene encoding the protein cytochrome b (Cytb) to hypothesize the phylogeny of 85 species belonging to 47 genera in the Cyprininae plus 6 species from the Leuciscinae. We employ 6 other species from Cypriniformes as outgroup taxa and estimate divergence times. Our results indicate that European Barbus sensu stricto lineage including Aulopyge shares a common ancestor with specialized and highly specialized schizothoracins and the genera Cyprinion and Scaphiodonichtys. The common ancestor appears to have originated in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) region about 19.4–17.8 Ma. Barbus sensu stricto lineage appears to have originated about 16.6–15.5 Ma. Small to medium sized African Barbus sensu lato appear to have had an Oriental origin about 19.1–15.3 Ma and are closely related to Asian Puntius. West Asian Carasobarbus lineage including large African Barbus sensu lato might have originated about 9.94 Ma, also in Oriental Realm and has a close relationship to Asian Neolissochilus and Tor. The large-sized Barbus sensu lato appear to have diverged from Carasobarbus about 7.7 Ma. Finally, the Cyprininae appear to have radiated rapidly into nine lineages and many sublineages from about 27.8 to 17.8 Ma, close to the time of the second-stage tectonic movements of the QTP. Our analyses provide evidence that the uplifting of the QTP drove early diversification of the Cyprininae. Our extensive sampling of species involving all of the important areas results in clear evolutionary scenario for the Cyprininae.     

Genome survey uncovers the secrets of sex and lifestyle in caterpillar fungus

The caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (best known as Cordyceps sinensis) mummifies ghost moth larvae exclusively in Tibetan Plateau alpine ecosystems. Touted as "Himalayan Viagra", the fungus is highly prized due to its medical benefits and dwindling supplies. Attempts to culture the sexual fruiting-body have failed and the huge market demand has led to severe devastation of local ecosystems and to the fungus heading towards extinction. By genome sequencing, we establish that unlike related insect pathogens O. sinensis contains two compatible mating-type genes in its genome and is self-fertile, i.e. homothallic. However, sexual processes are only initiated under native environmental conditions. O. sinensis resembles biotrophic plant pathogens in having a genome shaped by retrotransposon-driven expansions. The resulting changes in gene content suggest that O. sinensis has a biphasic pathogenic mechanism beginning with stealth pathogenesis in early host instars. O. sinensis is the first psychrophilic fungus sequenced and is adapted to extreme cold with putative antifreeze proteins and mechanisms for increasing lipid accumulation and fatty acid unsaturation. We hypothesize that for the inbreeding O. sinensis the massive proliferation of retrotransposons provides a tradeoff between the advantages of increased genetic variation independent of sexual recombination and deletion of genes dispensable for its specialized pathogenic lifestyle.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

河南的鹅膏菌属毒菌及毒素与中毒类型

鹅膏菌属（Ａｍａｎｉｔａ）隶属于鹅膏菌科（Ａｍａｎｉｔａｃｅａｅ）,有毒菌多。本文就河南境内生长分布的鹅膏菌属毒菌种类及其毒素和中毒类型进行论述和分析,以供防治中毒与毒素的研究应用。