生质柴油碱性均匀相触媒制程研究

生质柴油为重要之可再生能源。本文研究改善液相触媒制程,以降低甲醇与三酸甘油酯间界面阻力,以提生反应速率。实验结果发现,在批式制程中,提高搅拌速率可提升反应速率,然因工厂实际操作恐有困难。以相转移触媒可达增加反应速率与产率效果,但需注意选用之相转移触媒不可在强碱下被破坏。使用共溶剂THF可促进反应速率与产率,为一可行的选择。而连续制程较批式制程有较好的效率。     

超声波辐射与相转移催化合成香兰素

首次研究了超声波辐射和相转移催化相结合的技术在Ｒｅｉｍｅｒ－Ｔｉｍａｎｎ反应合成香兰素中的应用，并探讨了影响反应的各因素。实验表明：在固－液相条件下以ＰＥＧ－６０００为相转移催化剂，超声波辐射２ｈ，所合成的香兰素产率可达３９．２％。这与研究同类反应报道的最好结果比较，香兰素产率提高７．２％，合成反应时间缩短一半．     

多卤代烷反应的研究(Ⅲ)——1,2,3-三氯丙烷在相转移催化下的N-取代反应

讨论了在相转移催化和一定的溶剂作用下1,2,3-三氯丙烷与二甲胺的反应,发现N-取代的产率有明显的提高。该反应采用聚乙二醇400作相转移催化剂(PTC),加入了一定的溶剂和氢氧化钠,在50℃下反应5h,N,N-二甲氨基-1,3-二氯丙烷的产率可达到40～50%     

季铵盐催化合成β-硝基对氯苯乙烯

以季铵盐PTCA作相转移催化剂,通过Henry反应,在醋酸铵/冰乙酸存在的条件下,用对氯苯甲醛与硝基甲烷缩合合成β-硝基对氯苯乙烯.研究了不同相转移催化剂的催化活性、催化剂的用量、反应时间、反应温度和反应物物料量比对反应产率的影响.实验结果表明:季铵盐PTCA是一种优良的相转移催化剂;以季铵盐PTCA为相转移催化剂,反应物料量比n对氯苯甲醛:n硝基甲烷为1.0:1.8,反应温度为78 ℃,反应时间为2 h,在弱酸性条件下进行反应,产率达74.25%.     

异丁烯与甘油反应转化为甘油醚之探讨

为提升生物柴油副产品甘油之经济价值,利用磺酸基孔洞触媒以进行醚化反应,得到衍化产物。分析孔洞触媒其结构与元素组成,以改进触媒制备条件,利用此触媒催化甘油与异丁烯反应形成甘油第三丁基醚产物,可作为燃料添加剂。实验结果显示在异丁烯/甘油莫耳比为3,触媒量为13 wt.%、反应时间6h和反应温度为110℃的条件下,可得到纯度为42%的甘油第三丁基醚。     

相转移催化下的交叉羟酸缩合反应

以ＰＥＧ－４００为相转移催化剂，用于苯甲醛与丙酮之间的交叉羟醛缩合反应，合成了二亚苄基丙酮，产率达９１％。     

相转移催化合成橙花素

报道了以溴乙烷和β-萘酚为原料,在相转移催化剂聚乙二醇(PEG-600)催化下合成橙花素的方法.考察了反应温度,相转移催化剂用量,反应物摩尔比,反应时间对产率的影响.当相转移催化剂用量为反应底物β-萘酚摩尔数的5%,β-萘酚与溴乙烷摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为5h时,产物收率可达到67.0%.     

相转移催化剂催化合成大红粉颜料的研究

研究了以色酚AS、苯胺和亚硝酸钠为原料,以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基磺酸钠(DBS')、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为相转移催化剂,通过重氮化反应和偶合反应催化合成大红粉颜料;探究了相转移催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应时间对大红粉颜料产率的影响;实验结果表明:加入相转移催化剂的产物产率均明显提高,且混合催化剂(SDS和SDBS)催化性能最好,在反应中无明显起泡现象;相转移催化剂最佳用量为0.1 g,最佳反应时间为30 min,产率可达88.1%;方法具有操作简单、反应速度快、产物收率高、产品纯度好等特点。     

相转移催化 Reimer-Tiemann 反应合成羟基苯甲醛类

用经典的ＲｅｉｍｅｒＴｉｅｍａｎｎ反应合成二甲基羟基苯甲醛和二羟基苯甲醛时产率（１０％以下）很低。我们研究了以三丁胺为相转移催化剂，用甲醇和水作反应介质，对ＲｅｉｍｅｒＴｉｅｍａｎｎ反应进行了改进，使产率（２１．０％～５２．１％）有明显提高。     

一种合成2，5—二甲氧基苯甲醛的新方法

2，5－二甲氧基苯甲醛是重要、不易合成的药物中间体。以对甲氧基苯酚为原料，经聚乙二醇10000催化的Reiman-Tiemann反应及甲氧基化制备而得。通过比较不同相转移催化剂对Reimer-Tiemann反应产率的影响，选择效果最佳的聚乙二醇－10000（PEG－10000）作为该反应的相转移催化剂。把2－羟基－5－甲氧基苯甲醛的甲氧基化放在缓冲溶液中进行，产物的收率和品质有明显提高。就影响产率的各种因素进行了探讨，并从机理上作了简要解释。通过反应条件改进，总收率达68％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.