镍基整体式催化剂重整净化生物制粗燃气性能的研究(英文)

以萘为焦油模型化合物,考察了镍基整体式催化剂上生物质粗燃气干重整和临氧重整的性能。镍基重整催化剂表现出良好的催化重整活性,焦油全部转化为H2、CO及微量轻质组分。在750℃下连续反应108h,未检测到反应器压降变化和CH4与焦油转化率下降,整体式催化剂表现出较好的活性和稳定性。     

白云石和Ni-Al_2O_3焦油裂解催化剂的研究进展

煤和生物质经热解可部分转化为燃气和化学品,但该过程中产生的重质焦油利用价值低且危害设备系统安全。将热解焦油轻质化是提高燃料利用效率和气体产品质量的关键,其中催化裂解焦油是有效方法之一。本文综述了焦油催化裂解常用的两类催化剂—以白云石为载体催化剂和以γ-Al_2O_3为载体镍基催化剂的研究进展。镍基催化剂催化活性高,机械性能高,稳定性好,但制备成本相对较高,需再生使用;白云石催化剂价格相对较低,更适合非再生型的规模化生产。分析了白云石催化剂和镍基催化剂的焦油裂解原理,总结了两种催化剂的制备方法和助剂作用,对比了反应气氛、反应温度、停留时间等工艺条件对裂解反应的影响,展望了焦油裂解催化剂的研究前景。     

流化床上甲烷催化转化制合成气Ni/SiO2催化剂性能研究

考察了流化床上Ni／SiO2催化剂对甲烷部分氧化和甲烷二氧化碳重整耦合反应的催化性能．研究了Ni负载量，反应温度、预还原温度对催化性能的影响．结果表明，镍基催化剂具有很高的初活性，但是在线反应6h后催化剂很快失活．TG、XRD和TEM分析结果显示高温下镍晶粒的聚集长大是催化剂活性显著下降的主要原因．     

最新科技成果速报

项目简介 在本研究中,我们利用正交设计法,筛选出适宜重整反应的镍基催化剂,并利用分形法进一步优选催化剂配方,建立了方便高效的催化剂制备工艺和筛选方法;利用单一因子法和均匀设计法,设计出重整反应最适宜的反应条件;此外,利用TPD、TPSR、XPS等技术对反应过程中催化剂表面上生成的活性中间体的性质和反应机理进行了深入细致的探讨。 推广前景 将天然气通过化学途径转化为易于运输的液体燃料或高附加值的化工产品将具有很好的社会效益和经济效益,因而甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气项目的应用前景被非常看     

Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化水蒸气重整杏核热解焦油制氢

以坡缕石为载体用共沉淀法制备了Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化剂,考察了不同煅烧温度、反应温度、水碳摩尔比条件下该催化剂对杏核热解焦油水蒸气重整制富氢气体的性能,采用扫描电镜、比表面积分析以及X射线衍射仪,对Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化剂进行了结构表征,并与其他3种生物质气化催化剂(石英砂,白云石,商业镍基催化荆Z409)进行了对比.结果表明,Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化剂具有良好的低温活性和抗积碳能力,在500℃、质量空速为0.62 h-1和水碳摩尔比为4.3的条件下,碳转化率达到了92.1%,在连续5 h的实验中未发现失活现象,而相同条件下Z409催化剂的活性寿命仅为90 min.     

镍基催化剂上焦油组分裂解反应研究

以甲苯为煤焦油模型化合物,研究了镍基催化剂对焦油组分催化裂解反应特性的影响.采用浸渍和分步浸渍的方法制备了Ni/Al2O3和Ni/MgO-Al2O3两个系列镍基催化剂,考察了催化剂组成(Ni含量、MgO含量)、反应条件(温度、空速、水蒸气含量)对焦油组分催化转化的影响.结果表明:Ni含量在0.2％左右时,Ni/Al2O3具有较高的催化活性,催化剂的活性随着Ni含量的继续增加而下降,作为助催化剂的MgO可以减少催化剂表面积炭.高温有利于H2和CO的生成,但不利于CH4的生成.水/甲苯比是影响焦油催化裂解的重要因素,较高水/甲苯比有利于H2的产生,而不利于CO和CH4的生成.     

助剂改性镍铈负载橄榄石焦油裂解催化剂的研究

以镍为活性组分,二氧化铈为助催化剂,橄榄石为载体研究了橄榄石负载镍催化剂的催化性能,实验还考察了不同助剂(Cu,Fe,Mg)的添加对催化剂活性的影响,结果表明,Cu,Fe,Mg都能提高Ce-Ni/Olivine催化剂焦油裂解活性和燃气质量,其中Cu效果最佳.     

担载型镍基催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应机理的研究

采用TPSR、TPD和脉冲反应等方法对担载型镍基催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应过程中二者的吸附和解离行为进行了详尽的研究．结果表明：CH4在镍基催化剂表面被吸附时至少可解离为三种表面碳物种——Cα、Cβ和Cγ．其中完全脱氢的Cα物种是活泼的反应中间体，而石墨态的Cγ物种则可能是造成催化剂积碳的前身物．高温下部分脱氢的Cβ物种可与H2或CO2反应生成CH或CO．另一方面，CO2仅在该催化剂表面发生弱吸附且只形成一种吸附态．在此基础上推测出甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的协同作用机理．     

生物质焦油模化物蒸汽重整实验研究

生物质焦油是生物质热解和气化过程中不可避免的副产物,并且在生物质应用过程中存在有害的影响,因此对于生物质焦油转化的研究受到广泛的关注。本文在试制开发低流阻高强度的蒸汽重整整体式催化剂的基础上,以苯和甲苯作为焦油的模型化合物,在管式反应器上研究了该催化剂作用下,温度、蒸汽量对焦油催化转化以及裂解气体成分的影响;并实验研究了催化剂作用下温度和水碳摩尔比S／C对甲烷转化率的影响。实验发现,苯和甲苯的转化率都随温度的提高而升高。甲苯和苯在裂化温度900℃,S／C=2时整体式催化剂催化作用下转化率分别达到94．1％和77．1％;在600℃时实现了甲烷气体的高效转化;蒸汽量的增加有助于裂解气体成分的调整,同时也促进了消碳反应的进行。     

高温煤气中焦油组分的催化裂解研究

选择了铁基、镍基、５Ａ分子筛和矾土４种催化剂，在固定床反应器条件下对焦油组分（以１－甲基萘为模型化合物进行了催化裂解研究，结果表明这４种催化剂对１－甲基萘的裂解都具有很好的催化活性，其中镍基催化剂和５Ａ分子筛的催化性能更好，它们在５５０℃，空速３０００ｈ＾－１的条件下反应１００ｈ，其催化活性未降低。同时还研究了在这两种催化剂条件下温度和空速对转化率的影响，按一级反应线性回归得出两种催化剂在２５０￣     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with