Numerical simulation of topography effects on the “00.7” severe rainfall in Beijing

In an effort to study the severe rainfall event of 4?5th July 2000 in Beijing (with 24h accumulated precipitation of 240 mm), we perform numerical simulations to investigate this event using the MM5v3.6 model. The model is initialized with the MM5/WRF 3DVAR analysis, which incorporates the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations in its assimilation step. For 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast, the threat scores are 0.72, 0.76, 0.67 and 0.63, for thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm, respectively. Holding other factors unchanged, sensitivity experiments were conducted with different topographic resolutions of 110, 50 and 3.7 km to investigate the topographic effects on precipitation over the Beijing area. In these sensitivity experiments, we attempt to preserve the realistic orographic distribution in the model topography under the condition of keeping the dynamic-thermodynamic consistency of the initial model atmosphere to the extent possible. Results indicate that the unique topographic distribution and variations in the Beijing area play an important role in determining the location, distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.     

北京地区一次强降水过程的多种观测资料四维变分同化试验

采用MM5非静力预报模式及其伴随模式系统,对2005年汛期北京地区的一次局地强对流降水过程进行了包括地面每3小时一次的湿度观测资料、北京地区自动站逐小时降水资料、北京地区逐30分钟GPS可降水量观测在内的多种观测资料的四维变分同化试验。结果表明,采用四维变分方法同化多种非常规中尺度观测资料后,模式成功地模拟出此次降水过程,不仅很好地修正了变分同化窗内的降水预报,同时也使同化窗口以后的降水预报获得了较为明显的改善,并且发现同化了多种观测资料后获得的最优初始场较原模式初始场对流不稳定能量显著增加,具有更利于降水形成的动力及热力条件。另外还对各种观测资料在四维变分同化中的相对重要性进行了分析。     

北京地区一次强降水过程的多种观测资料四维变分同化试验

采用MM5非静力预报模式及其伴随模式系统,对2005年汛期北京地区的一次局地强对流降水过程进行了包括地面每3小时一次的湿度观测资料、北京地区自动站逐小时降水资料、北京地区逐30分钟GPS可降水量观测在内的多种观测资料的四维变分同化试验。结果表明,采用四维变分方法同化多种非常规中尺度观测资料后,模式成功地模拟出此次降水过程,不仅很好地修正了变分同化窗内的降水预报,同时也使同化窗口以后的降水预报获得了较为明显的改善,并且发现同化了多种观测资料后获得的最优初始场较原模式初始场对流不稳定能量显著增加,具有更利于降水形成的动力及热力条件。还对各种观测资料在四维变分同化中的相对重要性进行了分析。     

The formation process and cloud physical characteristics for a typical downburstproducing thunderstorm in Beijing

The formation process and characteristics of cloud physical structure of a severe thunderstorm accompanied with strong wind on 23 August, 2001 in Beijing was studied using PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5)coupling with a severe storm model with hail-bin microphysics. The results show that the specific topography and distribution features of cold/warm current in the Beijing region played prominent roles in forming, developing and maintaining the severe storm. Due to solar radiation heating and topographic lifting, the convective cells were easily formed when the westerly airflow passed over high mountainous regions in Beijing. The warm and wet air entered the cloud from its frontage and enhanced the convection, and formed a large amount of graupel/hail particles at the middle and upper portion of the clouds. The precipitation was primarily formed due to melting of graupel/hail particles. The strong downdraft was mainly produced by negative buoyancy due to loading,melting of graupel/hail particles as well as evaporative cooling of rain water. The divergent airflow induced by the strong downdraft led to the disastrous burst winds at the surface and also forced lifting of warm and wet airflow in the moving direction of the storm and formed new clouds that further promoted and maintained the storm development.     

一种新的基于伪最近邻算法的降水预报方法

分析北京地区日降雨量资料,相较于其他降雨事件,大雨或暴雨事件发生的次数较少,因此该地区的降水量预报属于样本不均衡问题。在样本不平衡的情况下,K最近邻(PNN)算法的分类误差率将会大大提高,这也就使传统的基于K最近邻算法的降水量预报方法的应用受到了限制。针对北京地区降水量预报这一样本不均衡问题,应用伪最近邻算法构建了北京市的降水量预报模型。该方法利用北京地区日降雨量资料和美国国家环境预报中心全球格点资料,将降雨量作为类,将美国国家环境预报中心全球格点资料的各种因子场作为天气样本特征,通过决策规则实现最优分类。利用提出的降水预报模型对北京地区2010年6~8月进行了24 h降水预报,实验结果表明,提出的预报方法对于降水等级预报的预报准确率以及晴雨预报的TS评分、正样本概括率和漏报率均优于传统的K最近邻预报方法,该方法具有较好的预报效果。     

LAPS同化MTSAT-2水汽资料在一次中尺度大暴雨模拟中的应用

中尺度分析系统LAPS(local analysis and prediction system)在国内已业务化多年,可以融合多种国内观测资料;但是针对卫星资料的融合应用研究还不够充分。为此,实现了LAPS融合MTSAT-2卫星资料的接口;并结合WRF模式,选取2014年7月24~25日发生在江苏及附近地区的一次强降水过程进行模拟。通过对比LAPS系统融合MTSAT-2卫星资料前后的物理量场的差异,以及经WRF模式预报的降水量差异,分析基于LAPS系统同化MTSAT-2资料对暴雨预报的作用。结果表明,LAPS融合MTSAT-2卫星资料后对地面相对湿度场和降水区域分布均有明显改善作用。利用多种评分方法对24 h累计降水进行检验,发现同化MTSAT-2资料对大雨及以上量级降水的预报改善作用明显,特别是对大暴雨级别的降水预报效果改善最为显著。     

南海台风Vongfong(2002)的数值模拟试验

利用美国国家大气研究中心和宾夕法尼亚州立大学联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式MM5对南海台风Vongfong(2002)进行了数值模拟试验,通过路径和移速、强度变化、地面最大风速、降水量和暴雨分布以及云系和螺旋雨带等方面的比较验证表明,MM5模式对台风Vongfong的模拟是比较成功的.模式运行中使用了QuiikScat海面风资料和四维资料同化技术,四维资料同化技术对模拟结果有很好的改善.     

中尺度暴雨模式MRM1简介及预报效果检验

介绍了近年来我们所研制的中尺度暴雨模式MRM1的基本情况及特点，以及对1998年，1999年和2001年6月、7月的降水集中时段进行的逐日降水预报试验及效果检验，并和美国著名中尺度模式MM5进行了同一时段降水预报检验的比较。结果表明，它是目前国内较好的中尺度暴雨预报模式，在暴雨预报方面较MM5也有一定的优越性。     

台湾地形对1998年6月7—8日中尺度对流系统降雨的影响

利用中尺度模式MM5研究了台湾地形对中尺度对流系统所引起的降雨的影响。通过一系列不同模式分辨率和不同精确度地形高度的敏感性实验, 发现模式的分辨率对降水的预报起决定作用,同时,地形的精确度也可以改变降水的分布和强度。为了得到合理的模拟,6km 的模式分辨率和18km 的地形精确度是必须的。去掉台湾地形的敏感性实验表明,台湾中央山脉对降水的影响可以分为两类,即“强迫”和“修正”效应。在对流层低层,中央山脉对中α尺度低压有阻挡作用,并强迫局地中β尺度的低压。中β尺度的低压和中α尺度低压相互作用,在台湾北部“强迫”出暴雨;而在台湾中部,中尺度对流系统登陆的地方,中央山脉对降雨的落区和强度都给予了“修正”。     

MM4模式和陕西春季降水模拟试验

介绍了有限区域的中尺度数值模拟ＭＭ４的结构,物理过程等,用ＭＭ４模式对陕西省春季透雨和暴雨过程进行模拟试验,证明了ＭＭ４模式在陕西春季大降水预报中的可用性。     

济南市降水特征时空演变规律分析

以济南市为研究对象,采用中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集中的降水数据,基于Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen‘s坡度法,对济南市各区域1979-2015年城区、山区及平原区域降水特征的时空演变规律进行了分析.结果表明: 1)1979-2015年济南市年平均降水量为643.4mm,丰水年与枯水年常交替出现,年际变化幅度大,年平均降水量呈波动型增长,但增长趋势并不明显; 2)济南市年降水量空间分布呈由西南向东北阶梯型递减的特征,且其分布特征与地形关系密切,南部山区降水普遍大于北部平原地区,空间分布极不均匀; 3)济南市夏季降水集中,约占全年降水量的60%以上,且紧邻主城区的南部山区夏季降水量高达494.6mm,故主城区遭受山洪灾害的风险较大; 4)近37年济南市平原区和主城区汛期降水量呈增加的趋势,山区汛期降水量有所减少,但降水量变化程度不显著.      

长江中下游地区一次辐射雾的数值模拟

为了解中尺度数值模式对辐射雾的模拟能力及对辐射雾生消有明显影响的物理过程，利用MM5模式对2003年12月11、12日的1次辐射雾生消过程进行了数值模拟研究。并针对明显影响辐射雾生消的微物理过程和辐射传输过程，以及模式水平分辨率精度进行了3组敏感性对比模拟试验。结果表明，适当选取中尺度数值模式中的物理参数化方案和水平分辨率，可以有效地模拟出辐射雾的生消及分布，模拟雾的生成时间、高度和雾区范围与实况较为相近。     

北京区域近地边界层特征数值模拟

用非静力平衡的中尺度模式MM5.V3模拟了北京地区2000年夏季7月10日—11日的风速和温度场等边界层特征。模式所采用的水平分辨率为1 km,以天安门为中心,选取东西80 km南北100 km的区域进行模拟。模拟结果表明城郊之间存在明显夏季热岛效应,市区和郊区的温差最大可达6～8 ℃;边界层风场受西北特殊地形的影响,白天盛行由南往北的上坡风,夜间转为由北向南的下坡风。并用气象观测站实测资料对模拟结果进行了验证,验证表明模拟是准确的。模拟结果有助于了解北京地区区域气候的形成、污染物扩散及制定相关城市规划。     

用一维变分方法同化GMS-5反演湿度场及其在降水预报中的应用分析

在应用一维变分方法对GMS-5卫星资料反演的相对湿度场进行了同化分析试验的基础上,进一步分析了通过一维变分方法在MM5模式初始湿度场中融入GMS-5反演湿度场后,对降水预报的影响.分析试验结果表明,应用一维变分方法同化GMS-5反演相对湿度场后所得到的分析场,其均方根误差(rm se)在7个标准等压面上都比背景场要明显减小.均方根误差值在250 hPa下降幅度最大,达到7.1,这相当于12-h预报场rm se下降了48%;下降幅度最小的等压面高度是925 hPa,也达到了1.2,相当于12-h预报场rm se下降了15%.背景湿度场高湿区通常呈带状分布,普遍平滑了中尺度信息.运用一维变分方法融入了卫星信息后,分析场不仅明显改善了背景场湿区偏湿、干区偏干的现象,同时也很好地揭示出了三维湿度场的中尺度细微结构.个例分析表明,将一维变分同化后的GMS-5反演湿度场作为MM5模式的初始湿度场,与直接用NCEP资料的预报结果相比,MM5模式预报的降水强度、降水范围和降水强中心位置均有较明显的改善,更接近于实况观测.     

Numerical Simulation of the Airflow within a Canopy Using a 3D Canopy Structure

Canopy architecture of windbreaks is vital in agriculture,meteorological and ecological applications.In this study,computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and field experiments were used to investigate the flow characteristics and flow resistance through vegetation canopies with several different leaf area densities(L_(ad)).Compared with traditional modelling approaches,the present model introduced 3D architecture of the tree that contained a hard trunk,branches and artificial leaves to model the effect of leaves and the other parts of the canopy on airflow.Visual basic application(VBA) produced the 3D architecture of canopy.Simulations were made with the full closure model(FCM) and microcosmic model(MM).Canopies L_(ad),used in the simulations were7.76,18.12 and 25.89 m~(-1).The objectives of this paper are to analyze the contour of velocity(U) and turbulent kinetic energy(k)of two models in different leaf area densities,comparing the simulation results with experimental data/other works and investigate the real effects of the canopy on the airflow distribution.Results are encouraging,compared with the FCM,V and k of MM profiles qualitatively agree better with other works.Therefore,the model and method are recommended for future use in simulating turbulent flows in forest canopies.     

Diurnal variations of summer precipitation in Beijing

Climatic characteristics and secular trends of diurnal variations of summer precipitation in Beijing are studied using hourly self-recording rain-gauge data during 1961-2004. The results show that both rainfall amount and rainfall frequency present high values from late afternoon to early morning and reach the minima around noon. Two separate peaks can be identified in the high value period, one in the late afternoon and the other in the early morning. Taking the rainfall duration into account, it is found that the rainfall during late afternoon to midnight mainly comes from the short-duration rainfall events （an event of 1-6 hours in duration）, while the rainfall during midnight to early morning is accumulated mostly by the long-duration rainfall events （an event that lasts longer than 6 hours）. In the recent 40 years, the summer precipitation in Beijing has been considerably restructured. The total rainfall amount of short-duration events has increased significantly, while the total rainfall amount of Iong-duration events has decreased.     

济南市极端降水特性与雨岛效应分析

利用济南市1985、2000和2015年3期Landsat遥感影像资料,监督分类获得每期土地利用类型,分析3个时期全市及中心城区建设用地面积变化情况．基于济南市24个降水站点1972—2016年的逐日降水数据,选取PRCPTOT、R30 mm、R50 mm、SDII、Rx5day和R95p 6个极端降水指标,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Sen′s坡度估计,分析济南市汛期和年际尺度极端降水时空演变特征． 结果表明:1985—2015年济南市建设用地增长迅速,全市范围扩增超5.5倍,中心城区范围扩增近2.0倍; 随着城市化进程发展,济南市中心城区及商河站降水量逐时段增加,但中心城区降水量增速随着城市化发展放缓;年际尺度与汛期尺度的极端降水指标演变特征存在一致性,分别有4、5个站点降水序列具有显著变化趋势;中心城区与商河站极端降水指标均呈上升趋势,与城市化密切相关,其中,汛期中心城区的Rx5day和R95p均以1 mm·a?1的速率不显著上升．以上事实表明,济南市可能存在一定的雨岛效应．      

A new Planetary Boundary Layer model and its application to heavy rain modeling

A new Planetary Boundary Layer （PBL） model （namely MY-4 in this paper） was developed with reference to Mellor-Yamada＇s Level 4 turbulent closure concept. Having been coupled with a meso-scale model MM5, MY-4 was utilized to simulate a heavy-rain process, which took place over South China during June 8-9, 1998. Its model outputs indicated that the rainfall process was well captured in terms of its intensity and geographical distribution. More importantly, in comparison with MM5＇s original boundary layer models, MY-4 made the following improvements： （1） MY-4 not only simulated the major weather systems like low vortexes and low-level jets more accurately, thus improving the general weather pattern of the rainfall process, but it was also capable of restraining the occurrence of false rainfall centers with maximum precipitation amounts exceeding 160 mm. （2） Having been compared with the wind profile observed at Hong Kong, it revealed that MY-4 could reproduce the wind speed fluctuations in a short time scale reasonably well, which was not yet achieved in the original PBL models in MM5. Furthermore, a more detailed comparative study was made on the results simulated by MY-4 and a PBL model （which is based on Mellor-Yamada＇s Level 2.5 concept） respectively. It showed that the contributions of turbulences generated by the two categories of PBL models to the wind fields at a lower atmosphere were increasingly different even in the first 1-2 hours of integrations. As the analysis demonstrated, under the nonlinear interactions within the meso-seale MM5 model, it was the turbulences in the boundary layer that had the most important impacts on the final model outputs and MY-4 seemed to better reflect this turbulent process, hence leading to the aforementioned improvements.     

Interannual variation of annual precipitation and urban effect on precipitation in the Beijing region

The large scale character of the interannual variation of precipitation and the urban effect on local annual precipitation anomaly are investigated in this paper based on the 1960-2000 annual precipitation observations at 20 stations in the Beijing region.The results show that:the annual precipitation in the Beijing region possesses the large scale variation character with the linear trend of-1.197/10 yr,which corresponds to a total reduction of 27.82 mm in annual precipitation in the 41 years;the local annual precipitation anomalies(percent of the normal 1960-2000)show a positive center near the urban area,i.e.urban precipitation island(UPI),whose intensity increases with the linear trend of 0.6621%/10 yr,opposite to the interannual trend of large scale precipitation over the Beijing region;changes in the UPI are also associated with the intensity of synoptic processes of precipitation,and when the synoptic processes are strong(wet years),the intensity of UPI strengthens,while the synoptic processes are weak(dry years),and the UPI disappears in the Beijing region.     

海上动态GPS大气可降水量信息反演

基于精密单点定位(PPP)技术,对海洋上空大气可降水量(PWV)信息反演方法进行研究。采用随机游走过程估计方法,动态模拟船载GPS接收机天顶对流层湿延迟(ZWD)在时间和空间尺度上的随机变化。利用渤海湾船载动态GPS测量数据和同步气象观测数据,结合海洋动态环境,以渤海湾MM5模式积分水汽为参考值,详细分析不同随机过程噪声约束和卫星截至高度角等因素对PWV提取精度的影响。结果表明,选取槡2～5mm/h的随机过程噪声约束以及7°～10°的卫星截至高度角,海上船载动态PWV反演结果与MM5模式积分水汽基本一致,其偏差的绝对值均小于3 mm,均方根误差优于1.2 mm。