Terrestrial heat flow in Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Based on temperature logs of 117 boreholes and thermal conductivity of 119 rock samples, the first group of 35 heat flow data in the Junggar Basin are presented. The thermal gradients vary between 11.6 and 26.5°C/km, and the thermal conductivity changes from 0.17 to 3.6 W/mK. Heat flow ranges from 23.4 to 53.7 mw/m² with a mean of (42.3±7.7) mW/m². The heat flow pattern shows that heat flow is higher in the uplifts and lower in the depressions. The factors affecting the heat flow and its distribution include basin type, basement structure, sediment thickness, radioactive heat generation, etc. The overall low present-day heat flow in the Junggar Basin reflected its tectonothermal evolution characterized by lithospheric thickening, thrust and fault at shallow crust as well as consequently quick subsidence during the Late Cenozoic.     

Geothermal field and thermotectonic evolution in Southern South Yellow Sea Basin

Based on the available borehole temperature data and measurements of thermal conductivities on 10 core samples in the Southern South Yellow Sea Basin, 8 heat flow values are obtained. The results show that the mean values of temperature gradient and heat flow are 28.6“C/km and 69 mW/m^2, respectivdy. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite reflectance data, using the temperature-gradient method, indicates that the highest paleo-heat flow occurred at the end of the Mesozoic, and then the barn began to cool to present day. Tectonic subsidence analysis shows that the basin experienced at least four episodes of quick subsidence since the late Paleozoic and that the tectonic evolution was quite strong and complex.     

Geothermal field and its relation with coalbed methane distribution of the Qinshui Basin

The average geothermal gradient in the Qin-shui Basin, Shanxi Province, North China, estimated from temperature logging data of 20 boreholes is 28.2±1.03℃/km. The thermal conductivities of 39 rock samples are measured and 20 heat flow values are obtained. The estimated heat flow ranges from 44.75 mW7m2 to 101.81 mW/m2, with a mean of 62.69±15.20 mW/m2. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite data, using Ther-model for Windows 2004, reveals that the average paleo-heat flow at the time of maximum burial in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous is 158.41 mW/m2 for the north part, 119.57 mW/m2 for the central part and 169.43 mW/m2for the south part of the basin respectively. The reconstruction of the buried history of the strata indicates that the age for the end of sedimentation and the beginning of erosion for the basin is 108-156 Ma, and that the eroded thickness of the strata is 2603 m in the north, 2291 m in the central, and 2528.9 m in the south of the basin respectively. The "higher in the north and the south, lower in the central" distribution pattern of the paleo-heat flow coincides with the distribution of the coal-bed methane spatially and temporally, which shows that the coal-bed methane is controlled by the paleo-geotem-perature field in the basin.     

Geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the china continental scientific drilling

The geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the China Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) indicate that the temperature gradients in the target area of the deep drilling range from 19 to 26℃/km, which is lower than that (25—30℃/km) for the global continental area and similar to that for the KTB (21—28℃/km). Thermal conductivity measurements for 44 core samples show that the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks have 50% higher thermal conductivity (with a mean of 3.94±1.26 W/mK) than that for the average value of the upper crust. The measured heat flow values vary between 76 and 80 mW/m², higher than that for the global continental area (65±1.6 mW/m²) and the continental China (61±15.5 mW/m²) as well as the adjacent North Jiangsu Basin (68 mW/m²), but lower than that below 1000 m in the KTB (85 mW/m²). The elevated heat flow in the pilot-boreholes can be attributed to the lateral heat concentration due to higher rock thermal conductivity of the UHP belt than that of the adjacent rocks. Lower deep temperature in the target area of the deep drilling can be expected due to the lower measured temperature gradient, which means that the Sulu area is geothermally suitable for continental deep drilling.     

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷深埋古潜山天然气成藏主控因素探讨

渤中凹陷钻探的两口科学探索井均在古生界潜山发现天然气流,其中科A2井经测试获日产天然气40.2×10~4m~3,揭示了渤海海域目前埋深最大、温度最高的古潜山天然气藏。根据渤中凹陷渤中21~22古潜山油气成藏条件和实际地质、测井和地震资料的综合解释,对研究区天然气成藏控制要素进行研究。结果表明:古潜山圈闭面积大,且具有完整背斜形态;深层沙四段—东三段发育大量优质高成熟烃源岩,油气源充足;古潜山储集空间为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝,储层物性较好;成藏要素匹配关系好,天然气具有明显的晚期持续充注成藏的特点。该古潜山气藏的发现,不仅是渤中凹陷深埋古潜山天然气勘探的重大突破,也是深埋古潜山油气成藏地质条件认识和勘探工程技术进步的重大成果,能够推动渤海海域乃至整个渤海湾盆地凹中深埋古潜山的油气勘探工作。     

Doping effect on thermoelectric properties of nonstoichiometric AgSbTe<Subscript>2</Subscript> compounds

Nonstoichiometric ternary thermoelectric materials Ag_0.84Sb_1.15M_0.01Te_2.16 (M=Ce, Yb, Cu) were prepared by a direct melt-quench and hot press process. The carrier concentration of all the samples increased after doping. Thermoelectric properties, namely electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity, were measured from 300 to 673 K. The phase transition occurring at about 418 K representing the phase transition from β-Ag₂Te to α-Ag₂Te influenced the electrical transport properties. The electrical conductivities of Ce and Yb doped samples increased after doping from 1.9×10⁴ to 2.5×10⁴ and 2.3×10⁴ S·m⁻¹, respectively, at 673 K. Also, at room temperature, the Seebeck coefficient of the Ce doped sample relatively increased corresponding to the high carrier concentration due to the changes in the band structure. However, all the thermal conductivities increased after doping at low temperature. Because of the higher thermal conductivity, the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of these doped samples has not been improved.     

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations and dynamic programming for power-optimization of a multistage heat engine system with generalized convective heat transfer law

A multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engine system operating between a finite thermal capacity high-temperature fluid reservoir and an infinite thermal capacity low-temperature environment with generalized convective heat transfer law [q∝(ΔT) m ] is investigated in this paper.Optimal control theory is applied to derive the continuous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations,which determine the optimal fluid temperature configurations for maximum power output under the conditions of fixed initial time and fixed initial temperature of the driving fluid.Based on the universal optimization results,the analytical solution for the Newtonian heat transfer law (m=1) is also obtained.Since there are no analytical solutions for the other heat transfer laws (m≠1),the continuous HJB equations are discretized and dynamic programming algorithm is performed to obtain the complete numerical solutions of the optimization problem.The relationships among the maximum power output of the system,the process period and the fluid temperature are discussed in detail.The results obtained provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical energy conversion systems.     

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of meta-diorite from the basement of the Songliao Basin and its geological significance

Located in the east portion of the North Orogenic Belt, the Songliao Basin is bounded by the Da Hinggan Mountains in the west, the Xiao Hinggan Mountains in the north, the Zhangguangcai Range in the east, and the North China Craton (NCC) in the south (Fig…     

热壁面位置对矩形腔内自然对流影响的数值分析

对矩形腔内冷热壁面位于侧壁不同相对位置时的自然对流换热问题进行了数值模拟.腔体左侧局部壁面维持恒定高温,右侧局部壁面维持恒定低温,左右侧壁的其它部分以及顶部和底部壁面绝热.按照冷热壁面的相对位置是否左右对称,通过改变Rayleigh数的大小,分析了不同工况下矩形腔内温度场、流场和热壁表面平均Nusselt数的变化,得到了Rayleigh数在103~106之间的结果.冷热壁面对称分布时,位于侧壁中部的换热作用最强;不对称分布时,热壁面位于侧壁中部、冷壁面位于侧壁上部的换热作用最强.     

中国中-高温地热资源勘探方向与优选靶区

 进一步明确中国中-高温地热资源的勘探方向和优选靶区，可以从宏观上指导地热资源勘探，提高地热探井成功率。基于最新的地热数据库，结合区域构造-热背景，分析地热系统的热源、通道、储层、盖层及流体特征等要素，圈定了中国中-高温地热资源勘探的4大勘探方向和16个优选靶区。具体为青藏高原内带（亚东-谷露裂谷带、错那裂谷带、申扎裂谷带、东构造结、西构造结）、青藏高原外带（共和-贵德盆地、川西松潘地区）、东部区（松辽盆地、伊通断裂带、长白山火山区、渤海湾盆地及周缘、东南沿海、雷州半岛-海南岛北部）和中部裂谷区（二连盆地、汾渭地堑、山西地堑）。     

四川盆地区域地温场的特征

根据钻井测温数据及前人研究结果,编制了四川盆地1000,2000,3000和4000m四个特定深度的等温线图,以及中、新生界陆相地层地温梯度等值线图。通过对该区岩心放射性含量数据的搜集和样品的测定、地层生热率的统计和热导率的估计,并且辅助数值模拟计算,认识到四川盆地区域地温场的特征与本区区域构造特征相关,除此以外,个别局部地温较高地段可能还与基底中放射性元素的局部富集有关。     

扭曲椭圆管内超临界CO2冷却换热的数值模拟

为了提高CO₂热泵的传热性能,基于Fluent的数值模拟方法研究了不同质量流量下,扭距为100 mm及无扭曲状态下的水平椭圆管管内超临界CO₂冷却换热特性及二次流的变化规律,并针对竖直椭圆管引入局部换热系数和压降,研究了长短轴比b/a及扭距对扭曲管换热性能的影响。结果表明,低质量流量下扭曲椭圆管内浮升力明显大于椭圆管扭曲结构所产生的浮升力,对于低质量流量G<200 kg/(m²·s²)下的超临界CO₂流体,椭圆管具有更大强度的浮升力所造成的二次流,强化传热更明显;对于高质量流量G>200 kg/(m²·s²)下的超临界CO₂流体时,扭曲椭圆管具有更大强度自身结构所产生的周期性二次流来强化传热;管内的传热系数及压降随着扭曲程度及压扁程度的增大而增大。为扭曲椭圆管在CO₂热泵中的应用提供了重要的理论与数据支持。     

Surface tension and specific heat of liquid Ni<Subscript>70.2</Subscript>Si<Subscript>29.8</Subscript> alloy

The thermophysical properties of liquid alloys in me-tastable state are of importance for liquid-solid phase transformation under nonequilibrium conditions[1―10]. Sur-face tension and specific heat, two of the most important thermophysical properties, have significant influences on the process of crystal nucleation and growth. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain these data so as to perform quan-titative research on rapid solidification[3―10]. The tradi-tional measurement methods, however,…     

Comparison of summer thermohaline field and circulation structure of the Bohai Sea between 1958 and 2000

TheBohaiSea(37°07′—41°N,117°35′—121°10′E)isashallowsemi-enclosedsea.SincetheBohaiSeaistheonlyinnerseaofChinaandalsoanimportantstra-tegicsea,itisoneofthemostinvestigatedseasinChina.Alargenumberofstudiesonthetideandthetidalcurrentaswellasnumericalsimulationofcirculationhavebeencarriedout,enhancingourunderstandingoftheBohaiSea.Long-termvariationsoftheseasurfacesalinity(SSS)andseasurfacetemperature(SST)oftheBohaiSeawereanalyzed.Linetal.[1]foundthatthepositivetrendsoftheannualmeanS…     

海上电泵结蜡井热循环洗井工艺参数优化设计

为探索海上油田电泵举升结蜡井热循环洗井工艺井筒温度场分布规律，综合考虑潜油电机增温、电缆散热、热流体注入量、注入深度、注入温度、结蜡管段传热和海水空气导热的影响，基于热能守恒原理，建立了电泵井结蜡热循环洗井工艺井筒温度场计算模型，分析了热流体注入温度和注入量对混合产出流体的井筒温度分布的影响。研究结果表明，随着注入量的增加混合产出液沿程井筒温度增加，随着注入温度的增加混合产出液沿程井筒温度增加。该方法可有效指导现场措施工艺的实施，达到延长结蜡井的清蜡周期、延缓产液/产油量下降速度的目的。     

Thermal and electrical conductivity of iron at Earth's core conditions

The Earth acts as a gigantic heat engine driven by the decay of radiogenic isotopes and slow cooling, which gives rise to plate tectonics, volcanoes and mountain building. Another key product is the geomagnetic field, generated in the liquid iron core by a dynamo running on heat released by cooling and freezing (as the solid inner core grows), and on chemical convection (due to light elements expelled from the liquid on freezing). The power supplied to the geodynamo, measured by the heat flux across the core-mantle boundary (CMB), places constraints on Earth's evolution. Estimates of CMB heat flux depend on properties of iron mixtures under the extreme pressure and temperature conditions in the core, most critically on the thermal and electrical conductivities. These quantities remain poorly known because of inherent experimental and theoretical difficulties. Here we use density functional theory to compute these conductivities in liquid iron mixtures at core conditions from first principles--unlike previous estimates, which relied on extrapolations. The mixtures of iron, oxygen, sulphur and silicon are taken from earlier work and fit the seismologically determined core density and inner-core boundary density jump. We find both conductivities to be two to three times higher than estimates in current use. The changes are so large that core thermal histories and power requirements need to be reassessed. New estimates indicate that the adiabatic heat flux is 15 to 16 terawatts at the CMB, higher than present estimates of CMB heat flux based on mantle convection; the top of the core must be thermally stratified and any convection in the upper core must be driven by chemical convection against the adverse thermal buoyancy or lateral variations in CMB heat flow. Power for the geodynamo is greatly restricted, and future models of mantle evolution will need to incorporate a high CMB heat flux and explain the recent formation of the inner core.     

Thermodynamic determination of fragility in La-based glass-forming liquid

Differences in the thermodynamic functions between the liquid and crystalline states of La-based bulk metallic glasses alloys were calculated with the specific heat capacity Cp and the fusion heat ΔHf,which we measured. Fragility indexes having different thermodynamic definitions were calculated from the temperature dependence of excess entropy ΔSliq-cry. It is ambiguous for La-based glass-forming liquid to evaluate fragility from the intercepts of ΔSliq-cry-temperature curves. We found that the thermodynam...     

Palaeogeothermal response and record of the effusing of Emeishan basalts in the Sichuan basin

Thermal history of the Sichuan basin is reconstructed based on vitrinite reflectance from boreholes in the basin using a paleo-heat flow method.The results show that the Sichuan basin experienced a relatively low heat flow period in the Early Paleozoic,and an elevated paleo-heat flow,ranging 60-80 mW/m2 with a maximum as high as 100 mW/m2 around 259 Ma,from the beginning of the Late Paleozoic to the end of the early Permian,and a decreased paleo-heat flow from the late Permian to the late Triassic,and then ...     

Numerical simulation on flow and heat transfer at shell-side of flat-tube heat exchangers

The fluid flow and heat transfer of the shell-side in one type of flat-tube heat exchangers(FHE) were studied through numerical simulation and experimental methods.In the numerical simulation,hot/cold air was set as working fluid,and the standard k-ε turbulence model supplemented by boundary conditions was used,and also the control volume method was used to the discrete control equations.Compared with the same type of circular-tube heat exchangers(CHE),the numerical simulation results show that the pressure drop at the shell-side of FHE decreases by 12%-20%,and heat transfer coefficient increases by about 24%.The coefficient of integral performance Nu/ζ 0.29 has an increment of 22%-34%.Under the same conditions,the experimental results of temperature and the overall pressure drop show that the deviation percentage with those of numerical simulation are less than 8% and 25%,respectively.Both results verify that the heat transfer efficiency and flow resistance characteristics of FHEs are superior to that of CHEs.     

Kinetic study of the Rayleigh-Bénard flows

The present paper employs the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to study the Rayleigh-Bénard flows, where the temperature ratio of the upper to lower plate is fixed to 0.1. For a Knudsen number (Kn) of 0.01, as the Rayleigh number (Ra) increases, the flow changes from the thermal conductive state to the convective state at about Ra=1700, and the calculated relation of heat flux through the lower plate versus Ra is in good agreement with classical experimental and theoretical results. For Kn=0.05, ...