钻杆中微波传输特性的分析

分析微波在石油钻杆中传输的特性,把钻杆看作理想圆波导,分析了频率为2.4GHz的微波在内半径为107mm的钢质钻杆中传输时的特性,计算并分析了钻杆中可能存在的波型,以及它们的截止波长和衰减系数,给出了增大微波传输距离的设想.分析了钻杆中的沙尘引起的衰减,理论分析和计算实例表明,减小沙尘的队数粒径均值及其标准偏差是减小衰减常数的有效方法,同时降低沙尘密度及其含水量也是减小衰减常数的重要途径.     

套管磨损的研究进展

套管磨损在深井，超深井，大位移井和水平井的钻井和修井期间是一个不容忽视的问题，引起套管柱磨损的因素很多，本文着重概述了钻杆柱的旋转及起下钻，井壁狗腿严重度和泥浆成分等几种主要影响因素；指出套管磨损的主要形式是月型磨损，介绍了月牙型磨损对套管的抗挤毁，抗内压强度的影响，并提出了两种磨损预测公式以及减少套管磨损的措施。     

油套管和钻杆在线烘干装置的研制

目前用于石油钻采机械的油套管和钻杆在完成机械加工后,需要进行表面喷漆以达到防腐的目的,但存在的最大问题是油套管和钻杆表面喷漆后干燥时间过长,无法保证生产线上下一个工序的正常运行,严重影响到生产线的产能。针对这一情况,研制了用于油套管和钻杆生产线的在线烘干装置,该装置结构简单、占地面积小、成本低、易损件便于维修更换、热风温度可控、干燥效果良好,满足环保要求,适用于不同管径的钢管、油套管和钻杆生产线。     

影响套管磨损的因素、磨损预测及剩余强度分析

钻井过程中,技术套管的磨损是普遍存在的问题,越来越得到人们的重视。本文简要介绍了钻井期间影响套管磨损的主要因素:钻杆与套管的接触力、狗腿严重度、泥浆成分和套管钢级;介绍了套管磨损的预测方法;介绍了套管磨损对其剩余强度的影响.     

影响套管磨损的因素、磨损预测及剩余强度分析

钻井过程中,技术套管的磨损是普遍存在的问题,越来越得到人们的重视。本文简要介绍了钻井期间影响套管磨损的主要因素：钻杆与套管的接触力、狗腿严重度、泥浆成分和套管钢级;介绍了套管磨损的预测方法;介绍了套管磨损对其剩余强度的影响.     

庆深气田水平钻井水基泥浆中套管磨损机理实验研究

水平井钻井过程中,钻杆与技术套管的接触力较大,套管磨损比较严重,套管强度降低较多,给后续试油及完井投产作业留下隐患。为了深入了解水平井水基泥浆中钻杆-套管的磨损机理,为准确评价庆深气田套管磨损程度及剩余强度提供依据,在西安石油大学创新研制的环块式钻杆-套管磨损实验机上,模拟实际钻进参数,进行了该气田常用的水基泥浆中钻杆-套管磨损实验,考察了接触压力、转盘转速、磨损时间等因素对套管磨损效率的影响。利用试件磨损表面扫描电镜(SEM)图片进行了形貌分析,确定了水基泥浆中套管的磨损机理。实验结果表明:水基泥浆中,套管的磨损类型兼有粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和犁沟磨损等。黏着磨损是最主要的类型,采用基于黏着磨损机理的White磨损效率模型预测井下套管的磨损是可信的。水基泥浆中P110套管的磨损效率在(2~8)×10-131/Pa之间,稍大于钻井手册中的套管磨损效率(2×10-131/Pa);磨损效率随接触压力和转速的增加而增加,前期增长速率小,后期增长速率大;磨损效率随磨损时间的增加先增加,后逐渐减少,最后趋于稳定。     

大斜度井中套管磨损机理研究

针对套管在大斜度井中的磨损失效,首先开展了套管的磨损实验研究,根据Dawson 和White 提出的基于能 量损失的线性磨损模型以及本文的实验数据,获得了钻杆接头与套管的磨损系数。建立了钻杆接头与套管磨损机理 研究的有限元模型,通过任意拉格朗日欧拉自适应网格划分,在数值模拟过程中可以对套管磨损的节点进行“实时 调整”,并对网格单元做光滑处理,不断更新钻柱接头与套管的接触关系,对钻进过程中套管磨损机理进行了研究。在 磨损后套管结构形状研究的基础上,开展了套管剩余抗挤强度的数值模拟研究,得到了套管的最大磨损深度随时间的 变化关系,建立了套管剩余抗挤强度与最大磨损深度的关系,进而可以预测套管在某一累积磨损时间内套管的最大磨 损深度和套管的剩余强度,为磨损套管的安全性评价提供了理论依据。     

跟套管钻进技术在石油钻井中应用的研究

石油钻井过程中,上提钻柱时,由于钻柱的活塞作用,造成井壁坍塌,钻头被埋的事故。此外,为了实现钻进与下套管同步进行,节省钻进成本,本文笔者通过分析,将传统的钻井工艺加以改进,结合国内外的一些专家学者的研究成果,提出应用于石油钻井的跟套管钻进技术(Drilling Technology with Casing)。本文介绍了跟套管钻进在石油钻井中应用的优势,同时利用跟套管钻进技术的思想对普通的钻机、钻杆等所作加以改进,并分析了适合石油钻井领域的钻机。介绍了跟套管钻进相对于普通的钻进步骤上的不同之处。     

钻杆反转运动及其弯曲频率分析

根据塔里木油田井身结构尺寸、钻井参数,详细地分析了塔里木油田钻杆反转转速、弯曲频率和其环隙比与反转运动的关系。钻杆内不但存在自转转速,而且还存在反转转速,其弯曲频率为钻杆自转转速与其反转转速之和。在钻杆自转转速一定时,钻杆的反转转速与环隙比值β有关。研究结果表明,预防塔里木油田钻杆刺漏失效措施可用:(1)转盘转速控制在(44.5~92.0)r/min;(2)在钻杆尺寸不变的情况下,可以增大套管结构尺寸,来降低钻杆的弯曲疲劳应力频率;(3)采用井底动力钻具。研究的结果为深井、超深井合理的钻井参数选择提供了理论依据。     

套管磨损的研究进展

套管磨损在深井、超深井、大位移井和水平井的钻井和修井期间是一个不容忽视的问题,引起套管柱磨损的因素很多,本文着重概述了钻杆柱的旋转及起下钻、井壁狗腿严重度和泥浆成分等几种主要影响因素;指出套管磨损的主要形式是月牙型磨损,介绍了月牙型磨损对套管的抗挤毁、抗内压强度的影响,并提出了两种磨损预测公式以及减少套管磨损的措施．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.