Cl^-浓度和pH值对AZ31镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

研究了AZ31镬合金在不同Cl-浓度和pH值的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,从腐蚀形貌和腐蚀速率等方面对其进行了定性和定量描述,并对其腐蚀机理进行了探讨.经NaCl溶液腐蚀的AZ31镁合金呈现出明显的点蚀特征.随着Cl-浓度的增大,金属的阳极溶解和局部腐蚀加剧,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率也急剧增加,腐蚀程度加重.同时,溶液pH值的增大有利于AZ31镬合金表面形成更稳定的Mg(OH)2钝化膜.于是,随着溶液pH值从7增大到12,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率减小,耐腐蚀性能增强.     

AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱等方法研究了AZ31镁合金在3 5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明,挤压加工成形的AZ31镁合金,由于合金内部组织沿水平方向发生了一定的层移,位错和缺陷增多,致使侧面和截面的耐腐蚀性能比表面稍差.阻抗测试结果显示,随着浸泡时间的延长,腐蚀产物在合金表面沉积,对基体金属具有一定的保护作用.     

西沙严酷海洋大气环境下AZ31镁合金的长周期腐蚀行为

通过现场暴露实验,研究了AZ31镁合金在西沙海洋大气环境下暴露4 a的长周期腐蚀行为.利用扫描电镜观察表面、截面的腐蚀产物以及去除腐蚀产物后的腐蚀形貌,并用能谱分析及X射线衍射仪对腐蚀产物的元素含量及相组成进行分析.研究结果表明,AZ31镁合金在西沙海洋大气环境下发生了较为严重的腐蚀,4 a内的平均腐蚀速度为11.95μm·a-1.Cl-和CO2在镁合金的腐蚀过程中起着至关重要的作用.吸附液膜中的Cl-主要破坏镁合金的保护膜,使镁合金发生阳极溶解;而CO2则会中和阴极反应产生的碱性离子并与Mg(OH)2发生反应生成含不同结晶水的Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·xH2O表层腐蚀产物.由于表层腐蚀产物阻挡了CO2和Cl-向镁合金表面的传输,靠近基体处的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)2.     

AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的腐蚀行为

采用Tafel极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱方法研究了AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的腐蚀行为,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对腐蚀形貌进行了观察,结合介质pH值测量,讨论了腐蚀机理。结果表明,AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的耐蚀性能较差;腐蚀自发发生,初期以点蚀为主要特征;由于Mg(OH)2等腐蚀产物存在较多缺陷,且分布不均匀,不能有效阻止腐蚀的发展,致使腐蚀扩展迅速,合金表面在短时间内就被严重破坏。     

AZ31镁合金微区电偶腐蚀的数值研究

结合水平集函数方法及移动网格技术,利用有限元法模拟分析了离散型β相分布和连续型β相分布的AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,通过解Nernst-Planck方程得到腐蚀过程中AZ31镁合金/NaCl界面的电势、氯离子及镁离子浓度分布,并通过扫描离子选择性电极实验验证了此模拟方法的可行性.模拟分析表明,当β相离散分布在α相周边时,在与β相相邻的α相区域腐蚀速率最快,形成腐蚀缩颈坑,坑内氯离子富集,进一步加速了α相的腐蚀,最终β相逐渐脱离合金进入溶液;当β相连续分布在α相周边时,α相不断被腐蚀,最终α相全部溶解而只剩β相,求解随即停止.扫描离子选择性电极实验结果表明此模拟模型可以对镁合金的电化学腐蚀进行较好预测和判断.     

AZ31镁合金微区电偶腐蚀的数值研究

结合水平集函数方法及移动网格技术,利用有限元法模拟分析了离散型β相分布和连续型β相分布的AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,通过解Nernst-Planck方程得到腐蚀过程中AZ31镁合金/NaCl界面的电势、氯离子及镁离子浓度分布,并通过扫描离子选择性电极实验验证了此模拟方法的可行性.模拟分析表明,当β相离散分布在α相周边时,在与β相相邻的α相区域腐蚀速率最快,形成腐蚀缩颈坑,坑内氯离子富集,进一步加速了α相的腐蚀,最终β相逐渐脱离合金进入溶液;当β相连续分布在α相周边时,α相不断被腐蚀,最终α相全部溶解而只剩β相,求解随即停止.扫描离子选择性电极实验结果表明此模拟模型可以对镁合金的电化学腐蚀进行较好预测和判断.     

基于分子动力学的镁橄榄石表面分子吸附与溶解研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了镁橄榄石(Mg2SiO4)表面的吸附特性和溶解过程.计算了H2O、CO2在Mg2SiO4(O10)表面的吸附能、径向分布函数、解吸附能量壁垒,探讨了Mg2SiO4(010)表面上Mg2+、Si4+在纯水和离子浓度为1 mol/L 的NaCl、KCl、CaCl2、H3OCl、Na2CO3溶液中的溶解活化能,分析了盐离子对Mg2SiO4表面溶解的影响.结果表明:H2O分子在Mg2SiO4(010)表面的吸附能绝对值和解吸附能量壁垒均高于CO2分子,H2O和CO2分子在Mg2SiO4(010)表面分别为双层吸附和单层吸附;NaCl、KC1溶液对Mg2 SiO4表面溶解的影响较小,CaCl2溶液中的Ca2+能够与该表面的Mg2+发生离子交换,H3OCl溶液中较多的H3O+出现在该表面附近,加速了表面溶解,Na2CO3溶液中的CO32-与该表面的Mg2+形成离子对,显著促进了Mg2SiO4表面的溶解.     

pH值对Cu-17Ni-3Al-X耐磨铸造铜合金腐蚀的影响

通过静态浸泡腐蚀实验和电化学实验,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、光电子能谱仪研究了一种Cu-17Ni-3Al-X耐磨铸造铜合金在pH值变化的3.5％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能和腐蚀行为.结果表明:在3.5％ NaCl溶液中,随着溶液pH值的升高,合金腐蚀速率逐渐降低;在中性和碱性溶液中,合金具有优异的耐腐蚀性...     

AZ91D镁合金在含植酸NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

植酸是从植物中提取的1种环保的化工原料,但其应用范围仍然有限．为探索植酸对镁合金在氯化钠溶液中腐蚀的作用及植酸对镁合金腐蚀的抑制作用,采用失重法及表面分析技术,研究了AZ91D压铸镁合金在不同pH值下1％植酸、0．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为．不论失重实验还是扫描电子显微镜观察及能谱分析结果都表明,植酸对AZ91D镁合金在NaCl溶液的腐蚀具有明显的抑制作用。这种抑制作用是植酸和镁合金表面形成了化学转化膜等方式抑制．这层膜有效地阻止了侵蚀性阴离子Cl对镁合金的腐蚀．     

镁合金阳极在氯化钠溶液中电偶腐蚀的电化学振荡行为

使用电偶腐蚀仪研究了AZ31、AZ63B和AZ91D3种镁合金在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为．在研究的3种镁合金材料中，AZ63B的电偶电流和电偶电位随时间变化较平稳，其次是AZ31镁合金，而AZ91D镁合金在0．1％的NaCl溶液中的电偶电流和电偶电位随时间出现周期性的电化学振荡．AZ63B最适合做阴极保护中的牺牲阳极材料，AZ91D不适合做阴极保护中的牺牲阳极材料．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.