Sintering study of Ti6Al4V powders with different particle sizes and their mechanical properties

Ti6Al4V powders with three different particle size distributions (0-20, 20-45, and 45-75 μm) were used to evaluate the effect of the particle size distribution on the solid-state sintering and their mechanical properties. The sintering kinetics was determined by dilatometry at temperatures from 900 to 1260℃. The mechanical properties of the sintered samples were evaluated by microhardness and compression tests. The sintering kinetics indicated that the predominant mechanism depends on the relative density irrespective of the particle size used. The mechanical properties of the sintered samples are adversely affected by increasing pore volume fraction. The elastic Young's modulus and yield stress follow a power law function of the relative density. The fracture behavior after compression is linked to the neck size developed during sintering, exhibiting two different mechanisms of failure:interparticle neck breaking and intergranular cracking in samples with relative densities below and above of 90%, respectively. The main conclusion is that relative density is responsible for the kinetics, mechanical properties, and failure behavior of Ti6Al4V powders.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-extruded Al-based composite reinforced with core–shell-structured Ti/Al_3Ti

An Al-based composite reinforced with core–shell-structured Ti/Al_3Ti was fabricated through a powder metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion and was found to exhibit promising mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the composite sintered at 620°C for 5 h and extruded at a mass ratio of 12.75:1 reached 304 MPa and 14%, respectively, and its compressive deformation reached 60%. The promising mechanical properties are due to the core–shell-structured reinforcement, which is mainly composed of Al_3Ti and Ti and is bonded strongly with the Al matrix, and to the reduced crack sensitivity of Al_3Ti. The refined grains after hot extrusion also contribute to the mechanical properties of this composite. The mechanical properties might be further improved through regulating the relative thickness of Al–Ti intermetallics and Ti metal layers by adjusting the sintering time and the subsequent extrusion process.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-extruded Al-based composite reinforced with core-shell-structured Ti/Al3Ti

An Al-based composite reinforced with core-shell-structured Ti/Al₃Ti was fabricated through a powder metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion and was found to exhibit promising mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the composite sintered at 620℃ for 5h and extruded at a mass ratio of 12.75:1 reached 304 MPa and 14%, respectively, and its compressive deformation reached 60%. The promising mechanical properties are due to the core-shell-structured reinforcement, which is mainly composed of Al₃Ti and Ti and is bonded strongly with the Al matrix, and to the reduced crack sensitivity of Al₃Ti. The refined grains after hot extrusion also contribute to the mechanical properties of this composite. The mechanical properties might be further improved through regulating the relative thickness of Al-Ti intermetallics and Ti metal layers by adjusting the sintering time and the subsequent extrusion process.     

Effects of the deep rolling process on the surface roughness and properties of an Al-3vol%SiC nanoparticle nanocomposite fabricated by mechanical milling and hot extrusion

Deep rolling is one of the most widely used surface mechanical treatments among several methods used to generate compressive residual stress. This process is usually used for axisymmetric components and can lead to improvements of the surface quality, dimensional accuracy, and mechanical properties. In this study, we deduced the appropriate deep rolling parameters for Al-3vol%SiC nanocomposite samples using roughness and microhardness measurements. The nanocomposite samples were fabricated using a combination of mechanical milling, cold pressing, and hot extrusion techniques. Density measurements indicated acceptable densification of the samples, with no porosity. The results of tensile tests showed that the samples are sufficiently strong for the deep rolling process and also indicated near 50% improvement of tensile strength after incorporating SiC nanoparticle reinforcements. The effects of some important rolling parameters, including the penetration depth, rotation speed, feed rate, and the number of passes, on the surface quality and microhardness were also investigated. The results demonstrated that decreasing the feed rate and increasing the number of passes can lead to greater surface hardness and lower surface roughness.     

Sintering behavior,microstructure and properties of TiC-FeCr hard alloy

TiC based cermets were produced with FeCr, as a binder, by conventional P/M (powder metallurgy) to near 〉97% of the theoretical density. Sintering temperature significantly affects the mechanical properties of the composite. The sintering temperature of 〉1360℃ caused severe chemical reaction between TiC particles and the binder phase. In the TiC-FeCr cermets, the mechanical properties did not vary linearly with the carbide content. Optimum mechanical properties were found in the composite containing 57wt% TiC reinforcement, when sintered at 1360℃ for 1 h. Use of carbon as an additive enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites. Cermets containing carbon as an additive with 49wt% TiC exhibited attractive mechanical properties. The microstructure of the developed composite contained less or no debonding, representing good wettabifity of the binder with TiC particles. Homogeneous distribution of the TiC particles ensured the presence of isotropic mechanical properties and homogeneous distribution of stresses in the composite. Preliminary experiments for evaluation of the oxidation resistance of FeCr bonded TiC cermets indicate that they are more resistant than WC-Co hardmetals.     

Damage prediction of 7025 aluminum alloy during equal-channel angular pressing

Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a prominent technique that imposes severe plastic deformation into materials to enhance their mechanical properties. In this research, experimental and numerical approaches were utilized to investigate the mechanical properties, strain behavior, and damage prediction of ECAPed 7025 aluminum alloy in various conditions, such as die channel angle, outer corner angle, and friction coefficient. Experimental results indicate that, after the first pass, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness magnitude are improved by approximately 95%, 28%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared with the annealed state, mainly due to grain refinement during the deformation. Finite element analysis shows that the influence of die channel angle is more important than that of outer corner angle or friction coefficient on both the strain behavior and the damage prediction. Also, surface cracks are the main cause of damage during the ECAP process for every die channel angle except for 90°; however, the cracks initiated from the neighborhood of the central regions are the possible cause of damage in the ECAPed sample with the die channel angle of 90°.     

High-frequency induction heated sintering of ball milled Fe-WC nanocomposites

Fe-WC nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by high-frequency induction heated sintering of ball milled nanostructure powders. The ball milled powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Density measurements by the Archimedes method show that all sintered samples have the relative density higher than 95%. Studies on the effects of WC content, milling speed, and milling time indicate that a higher milling speed and a more WC content lead to the improvement of mechanical properties. There is a very good distribution of WC particles in the Fe matrix at the milling speed of 650 r/min. For the sintered sample 20-5-650 (20wt% WC, milling time of 5 h, and milled speed of 650 r/min), the maximum Brinell hardness and yield stress are obtained to be 3.25 GPa and 858 MPa, respectively. All sintered samples have brittle fracture during compression test except the sample 20-5-650.     

Rheologic behavior and PIM processing of WC-TiC-Co powder feedstock

An improved wax-based binder was developed for the powder injection molding (PIM) of WC-TiC-Co cemented carbides.The critical powder loading and the rheologic behavior of the feedstock were determined. It was found that the critical powder loading could achieve up to 62.5% (volume fraction) and the feedstock exhibited a pseudo-plastic flow behavior. The injection molding,debinding and sintering processes were studied. The dimension deviation of the sintered samples could be controlled in the range of ±0.2% with the optimized processing parameters and the mechanical properties were better than or equivalent to those of the same alloy made by conventional press-sintering process.     

Effect of PLA Knitted Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Vascular Scaffold

A new entire biodegradable scaffold has been developed which does not require precelluiarization before transplantation. This new kind of vascular scaffold prototype made from porous poly- e-caprolactone （PCL） membrane to provide three-dimensional environment for cell growth, and embedded with weft-knitted polylactic acid （PLA） fabric to support mechanics. The aim of this paper is to study the variation tendency of mechanical properties with the fabric spacing changing. The basic geometrical parameters were measured to characterize properties of the samples. The tensile and compressive elastic recovery of the samples were tested by the universal mechanical tester and radial compression apparatus, respectively. Both tensile and compressive properties enhanced when reducing the fabric spacing of the composite vascular scaffold.     

Thermoelectric properties of BiSbx (x=0.6-0.8) thermoelectric materials fabricated by different processing

In order to improve the thermoelectric properties, hot-pressing sintering and ultra high pressure sintering methods were adopted to fabricate BiSb_x. The phase and crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The thermoelectric properties were measured at 303 K along the direction parallel to the pressing direction. The electric conductivity of the samples was measured at 303 K by the four-probe technique. To measure the Seebeck coefficient, heat was applied to the samples placed between two Cu discs. The thermoelectric electromotive force (E) was measured upon applying small temperature differences ( △T<2℃) between the both ends of the samples. The Seebeck coefficient of the samples was determined from the value of E/△T. The results indicate that the thermoelectric properties of the samples fabricated by UHPS (ultra high pressure sintering) method are much higher than that by HPS (hot pressing sintering) method and have the highest values at x=0.7.     

原料粒度对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具材料的影响

采用热压烧结法制备了添加质量分数为10%亚微米Ti(C0.7N0.3)粉末两种组分的Ti(C,N)基复合陶瓷,研究了亚微米Ti(C0.7N0.3)对材料力学性能和显微结构的影响.和微米级材料进行了对比,结果表明,亚微米材料的加入,抑制了基体晶粒的长大,细化了晶粒,使材料的力学性能大幅提高.VC的含量为16%,材料的硬度有明显提高.     

功能梯度金属陶瓷刀具切削铸铁的磨损失效研究

利用真空烧结工艺和表面氮化处理工艺,制备了纳米复合Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷可转位刀片和Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度可转位刀片,与通用硬质合金刀具进行了铸铁的对比切削试验.并利用SEM、EPMA对自制刀片的磨损失效机理进行了分析.结果表明:氮化处理后刀片的耐磨性提高,与TN20的切削性能相似.功能梯度金属陶瓷刀片的磨损失效机理为冲击磨损、扩散和粘附磨损.     

功能梯度金属陶瓷刀具磨损机理研究

利用真空烧结工艺和表面氮化处理工艺,制备了功能梯度Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷可转位刀片.与通用硬质合金刀具进行了正火态45#钢的对比切削试验,并利用SEM、EPMA对自制刀片的磨损机理进行了分析.结果表明:与TN20、YT15相比,自制刀具皆表现表现出较优的切削性能和较高的耐磨性.表面氮化处理后刀具的表面硬度提高,大幅度的提高了刀具的抗热冲击性能和耐磨性能.功能梯度金属陶瓷刀片的磨损机理为粘附磨损.     

基于Digital Micrograph的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷材料定量金相分析

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微组织及相界面较复杂,需要一种简便、精确的定量金相方法来辅助研究.采用功能强大的Gatan Digital Micrograph软件对不同纳米添加量Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微组织进行背底消除、滤波、二值化及图像形态学处理,分析可得到该金相图中的一些金相特征参数.对不同纳米添加量Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷中硬质相进行了综合分析,结果表明,利用Gatan Digi-tal Micrograph软件实现Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微组织的分析测量是完全可行的,能有效地提高工作效率及得到直观、准确的结果,也可定量地得到随纳米粉添加量的不断增加,硬质相颗粒的总体积不断减少,平均粒径也在不断减小.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的性能与发展

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷是 2 0世纪 70年代出现的一种新型工具材料 ,具有许多优良的性能 ,因而得到了广泛应用。文章概述了 Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的发展过程和研究现状 ,总结了有关金属陶瓷的研究成果 ,并指出了 Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的发展趋势。     

淬硬钢的金属陶瓷刀具车削加工

利用热压烧结法制备了微米/纳米复合Ti(C,N)/Al2O3陶瓷刀具,采用CA6140车床、电子显微镜和扫描电镜研究了微米/纳米复合Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷刀具(编号为:JT1-JT3)切削45淬硬钢的切削性能和显微结构,和硬质合金刀具YT14及陶瓷刀具LT55、SG-4进行了对比.结果表明,所研制的刀具适合于切削45淬硬钢,切削性能优于YT14.分析了刀具的磨损形貌和磨损机理,新型Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷刀具的主要磨损机理为后刀面磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.采用金属陶瓷刀具车削工件,可以实现以车代磨,不但质量得以保证,而且可以降低成本.     

晶体材料分析技术及其在Ti(C,N)陶瓷中的应用

简要地介绍了晶体材料研究中常用分析测试技术的原理及特点，总结和分析了X射线衍射（XRD），电子显微分析（EMA），电子探针显微分析（EPMA），热分析等分析测试技术在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷中的应用，最后指出了分析测试技术在陶瓷材料研究中的未来发展方向。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-extruded Al-based composite reinforced with core-shell-structured Ti/Al3Ti

An Al-based composite reinforced with core-shell-structured Ti/Al3Ti was fabricated through a powder metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion and was found to exhibit promising mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the composite sintered at 620°C for 5 h and extruded at a mass ratio of 12.75:1 reached 304 MPa and 14%, respectively, and its compressive deformation reached 60%. The promising mechanical properties are due to the core-shell-structured reinforcement, which is mainly composed of Al3Ti and Ti and is bonded strongly with the Al matrix, and to the reduced crack sensitivity of Al3Ti. The refined grains after hot extrusion also contribute to the mechanical properties of this composite. The mechanical properties might be further improved through regulating the rela-tive thickness of Al-Ti intermetallics and Ti metal layers by adjusting the sintering time and the subsequent extrusion process.     

Mo2 NiB2基金属陶瓷的制备与性能

采用单质硼粉、镍粉和钼粉结合反应硼化烧结法制备了Mo2 NiB2基金属陶瓷,研究了Mo2 NiB2基金属陶瓷在烧结过程中的物相转变和尺寸变化以及烧结温度和保温时间对其力学性能和显微组织的影响.结果发现：随着烧结温度升高,材料物相逐渐由单质相变为二元硼化物相和三元硼化物相,并且材料的尺寸先发生细微收缩,再在硼化反应过程中逐渐增加,最后在液相烧结过程中逐渐减小;随着烧结温度升高,Mo2 NiB2基金属陶瓷的抗弯强度和硬度先增加后减小,在1290℃达到最大,分别为1346.5 MPa和83.7 HRA,并且硬质相颗粒逐渐粗化;保温时间对材料性能的影响与烧结温度一致,但在保温30 min时抗弯强度最大(1453.3 MPa),保温60 min时硬度最大(83.7 HRA).