胚胎干细胞及其在人类疾病治疗中的应用

胚胎干细胞是一类多能性干细胞,近年来已成为生命科学研究领域的热点之一．尤其在人类疾病治疗方面有着诱人的应用前景．本文主要介绍了胚胎干细胞在几种疑难疾病治疗上的应用及其前景,胚胎干细胞与异种器官移植。以及目前存在的一些问题．     

干细胞修复和再生

干细胞研究是目前生物领域最具有吸引力的研究方向之一,将干细胞用于治疗将为许多重大疾病的治疗提供广阔的前景。本书从不同类型的多能干细胞和胚胎干细胞人手,深人浅出地介绍了这些细胞的自身调节与在疾病方面的应用基础,并讲述了目前干细胞修复再生领域的前沿技术与发展趋势。     

干细胞研究进展

由于干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的功能,使得人们用干细胞治疗多种疾病成为可能.就干细胞的研究概况、研究技术、干细胞技术的市场前景以及干细胞研究面临的问题等作一概述.     

克隆技术的最近研究进展

随着克隆技术研究领域取得巨大突破,克隆技术日益受到广泛关注。本文中,讨论了近年来克隆技术研究领域中取得的主要成就,并对其进行了总结。全面综述了动物克隆技术的基本原理,在“Dolly”羊、猕猴胚胎干细胞以及人类胚胎干细胞的克隆中所取得的各项技术突破,面临的问题以及克隆技术的应用价值及发展前景。     

信息

人类向“治疗性克隆”迈出重要一步韩国科学家2005年5月19日宣布他们利用体细胞核转移技术,用病人的皮肤细胞克隆出了早期胚胎,并成功提取新的胚胎干细胞系,这一成果使人类干细胞研究向“治疗性克隆”迈进了一大步。2005年5月19日美国《科学》(Science)杂志网络版发表了这一成果。取得这一研究成果是韩国(汉城)国立大学的黄禹饧教授。他的小组曾在2004年运用同样技术,率先用人类体细胞克隆出早期胚胎,并提出干细胞。但2004年克隆的干细胞是取自一位健康的妇女;2005年克隆的干细胞是来自11位病人,有男有女,年龄从2岁到56岁不等,他们患有脊索…     

干细胞创造新世纪生命奇迹

20世纪是药物治疗的年代,21世纪却是细胞治疗的年代。 ■1998年美国科学家成功用人类胚胎干细胞在体外的生长和增殖,带动了全世界的干细胞工程研究热潮。 ■1999年、2000年,美国权威的《科学》杂志连续两年将干细胞列为世界十大科技成就之首。 ■2001年8月9日,美国总统布什宣布,美国联邦政府支持对平缅胞研究的决定。 ■2002年1月,英国第一个将克隆研究合法化,允许科学家培养克隆胚胎以进行干细胞研究,并将这一研究定性为“治疗性克隆”。     

院校新闻

上海二医科大学培植人类胚胎干细胞 上海第二医科大学盛慧珍教授领衔的“治疗性克隆”课题研究最近获得重大突破,研究人员将人类皮肤细胞与兔子卵细胞融合,培植出人类胚胎干细胞,证明了可以对人体细胞核进行重新编程。对人体细胞核进行重新编程是获取胚胎干细胞的必要步骤。盛慧珍说:“通过治疗性克隆的途径,可以获得与病人基因型一致的胚胎干细胞。”     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展及应用前景

胚胎干细胞主要来源于两种组织:早期胚胎内细胞团分离的ESC(embryonic stem cell)和胚胎生殖嵴分离的胚胎生殖细胞(embryonil germ cell,EGC)．由于这些细胞具有高度复制能力及多向分化潜能,已被用于生命科学的各个领域．本文综述了胚胎干细胞的建立、生物学特性、临床应用前景及所面临的问题．     

骨髓间充质干细胞研究进展

干细胞移植是目前治疗器官损伤、神经退行性疾病研究的热点,国内外学者分别对神经干细胞、胚胎干细胞等进行了探索,渴望从中找出细胞移植领域的候选细胞,但是这些细胞大多面临着伦理、来源、免疫排斥等多方面的问题.然而,近年来发现的骨髓间充质干细胞在一定程度上弥补了这一不足.骨髓间充质干细胞凭借其多向分化潜能、强大的自我复制能力和可移植性,成为细胞移植、基因治疗中重要的候选细胞.骨髓间充质干细胞移植为器官损伤、神经退行性疾病的临床治疗带来了新的希望,本文对其生物学特性及临床应用方面做一综述.     

干细胞的研究及其应用

干细胞是人体内未分化的原始细胞,可控制培养形成人体其它的成熟细胞或组织,用于移植治疗某些疾病。干细胞中以胚胎干细胞的分化潜能最大,但它的获取涉及到一系列伦理道德的问题,而从成熟细胞中提取成熟干细胞,也同样能培育出所需的细胞、组织,供移植利用,避免胚胎干细胞获得而引起的争议,成为干细胞研究的一个新方向。     

Comparative pluripotency analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells derived from wild-type and infertile hermaphrodite somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts

Therapeutic cloning, whereby embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are derived from patient-specific cloned blastocysts via somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT）, holds great promise for treating many human diseases using regenerative medicine. Teratoma formation and germline transmission have been used to confirm the pluripotency of mouse stem cells, but human embryonic stem cells （hESCs） have not been proven to be fully pluripotent owing to the ethical impossibility of testing for germ line transmis- sion, which would be the strongest evidence for full pluripotency. Therefore, formation of differentiated cells from the three somatic germ layers within a teratoma is taken as the best indicator of pluripotency in hESC lines. The possibility that these lines lack full multi- or pluripotency has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we established 16 mouse ESC lines, including 3 genetically defective nuclear transfer- ESC （ntESC） lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of infertile hermaphrodite F1 mice and 13 ntESC lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of normal F1 mice. We found that the defective ntESCs expressed all in vitro markers of pluripotency and could form teratomas that included derivatives from all three germ layers, but could not be transmitted via the germ line, in contrast with normal ntESCs. Our results in- dicate that teratoma formation assays with hESCs might be an insufficient standard to assess full pluripotency, although they do define multipotency to some degree. More rigorous standards are required to assess the safety of hESCs for therapeutic cloning.     

神经干细胞及其临床应用潜能

近年来神经干细胞已在成年哺乳动物中的中枢神经系统中分离成功。神经干细胞的最基本特征是具有分化为神经元、星状胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的潜能，具有自我更新能力，并足以维持整个大脑所需。神经干细胞在修复受伤神经组织及治疗神经系统退行性疾病，如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、和亨庭顿病等方面有很好的应用前景。但在达到临床实际应用之前仍有一系列问题需要解决，最首要的是搞清神经干细胞的分化机制。     

GDNF提高端粒酶活性并且促进神经干细胞生长和分裂

对于多种神经细胞，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）具有维持生长、存活、促进分化和成熟的作用，初次在神经干细胞中发现了GDNF的这一营养效应，但这种作用并不对神经干细胞的分化方向产生影响，进而通过测定神经干细胞的端粒酶活性和端粒酶活性的抑制实验，表明端粒酶活性的增高与GDNF对神经干细胞生长和分裂的促进作用有关，因此完善了GDNF在神经细胞中的信号传导和功能实现途径的理解。     

Induction of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cellsin vitro

In order to get hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells and to study development mechanisms of hematopoietic cells, the method of inducing embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells was explored by differenciating mouse ES cells and human embryonic cells in three stages. The differentiated cells were identified by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Wright’s staining. The results showed that embryoid bodies (EBs) could form when ES cells were cultured in the medium with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). However, cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO) and granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), were not helpful for forming EBs. SCF, TPO and embryonic cell conditional medium were useful for the differentiation of mouse EBs to hematopoietic progenitors. Eighty-six percent of these cells were CD34⁺ after 6-d culture. Hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to B lymphocytes when they were cocultured with primary bone marrow stroma cells in the DMEM medium with SCF and IL-6. 14 d later, most of the cells were CD34^－CD38⁺. Wright’s staining and immunohistochemistry showed that 80% of these cells were plasma-like morphologically and immunoglubolin positive. The study of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic cells showed that human embryonic cell differentiation was very similar to that of mouse ES cells. They could form EBs in the first stage and the CD34 positive cells account for about 48.5% in the second stage.     

Induction of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells in vitro

In order to get hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells and to study development mechanisms of hematopoietic cells, the method of inducing embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells was explored by differenciating mouse ES cells and human embryonic cells in three stages. The differentiated cells were identified by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Wright's staining. The results showed that embryoid bodies (EBs) could form when ES cells were cultured in the medium with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). However, cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO) and granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), were not helpful for forming EBs. SCF, TPO and embryonic cell conditional medium were useful for the differentiation of mouse EBs to hematopoietic progenitors. Eighty-six percent of these cells were CD34+ after 6-d culture. Hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to B lymphocytes when they were cocultured with primary bone marrow stroma cells in the DMEM medium with SCF and IL-6. 14 d later, most of the cells were CD34-CD38+. Wright's staining and immunohistochemistry showed that 80% of these cells were plasma-like morphologically and immunoglubolin positive. The study of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic cells showed that human embryonic cell differentiation was very similar to that of mouse ES cells. They could form EBs in the first stage and the CD34 positive cells account for about 48.5% in the second stage.     

Production of transgenic calves by somatic cellnuclear transfer

Bovine fetal oviduct epithelial cells were transfected with constructed double marker selective vector(pCE-EGFP-IRES-Neo-dNdB) containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and neomycin-resistant(Neo^r) genes by electroporation, and a transgenic cell line was obtained. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was cartied out using the transgenic cells as nuclei donor. A total of 424 SCNT embryos were reconstructed and 208 (49.1%) of them developed to blastocyst stage. 17 blastocysts on D 7 after reconstruction were transferred to 17 surrogate calves,and 5 (29.4%) recipients were found to be pregnant. Three of them maintained to term and delivered three cloned calves.PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of transgene in all of the three cloned calves. In addition, expression of EGFP was detected in biopsy isolated from the transgenic cloned calves and fibroblasts derived from the biopsy. Our results suggest that transgenic calves could be efficiently produced by SCNT using transgenic cells as nuclei donor. Furthermore, all cloned animals could be ensured to be transgenic by efficiently pre-screening transgenic cells and SCNT embryos using the constructed double marker selective vector.     

肝脏干细胞研究进展

肝干细胞是一类具有自我更新能力和多项分化潜能的细胞 .在一定病理条件下可向肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞、胰腺外分泌上皮等有限的几种组织分化 ,具有多项分化增殖潜力 ,本文将就肝干细胞分类、表面标志、来源及人类肝干细胞的研究做一综述 .     

In vitro differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial-like cells

The neovascularization of ischemic tissue is a crucial initial step for the functional rehabilitation and wound healing. However, there is lack of a potential source of cells for the foundation of a vascular network. The re- cent studies indicate that hum…     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> induced dopaminergic differentiation of expanded rat mesencephalic neural stem cell

Recent progress in stem cell biology and recognition of the unique biological properties of stem cell have made it possible to treat the neurodegenerative diseases includ- ing Parkinson抯 disease (PD) by the approach of cell-re- placement and nutritional support with NSCs. Tissue re-construction based on the stem cells endowed us some unpredicted application and market opportunities. Studies in a variety of systems have highlighted perfect prospects for the application of stem cells in the t…