共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 453 毫秒
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Kaser A Niederreiter L Blumberg RS 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2011,68(22):3643-3649
The intestinal epithelium forms a highly active functional interface between the relatively sterile internal body surfaces
and the enormously complex and diverse microbiota that are contained within the lumen. Genetic models that allow for manipulation
of genes specifically in the intestinal epithelium have provided an avenue to understand the diverse set of pathways whereby
intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) direct the immune state of the mucosa associated with homeostasis versus either productive
or non-productive inflammation as occurs during enteropathogen invasion or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), respectively.
These pathways include the unfolded protein response (UPR) induced by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), autophagy,
a self-cannibalistic pathway important for intracellular bacterial killing and proper Paneth cell function as well as the
interrelated functions of NOD2/NF-κB signaling which also regulate autophagy induction. Multiple genes controlling these IEC
pathways have been shown to be genetic risk factors for human IBD. This highlights the importance of these pathways not only
for proper IEC function but also suggesting that IECs may be one of the cellular originators of organ-specific and systemic
inflammation as in IBD. 相似文献
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Regulation of transcription factor function by phosphorylation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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The intestinal epithelium tuft cells: specification and function 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The intestinal epithelium, composed of at least seven differentiated cell types, represents an extraordinary model to understand the details of multi-lineage differentiation, a question that is highly relevant in developmental biology as well as for clinical applications. This review focuses on intestinal epithelial tuft cells that have been acknowledged as a separate entity for more than 60?years but whose function remains a mystery. We discuss what is currently known about the molecular basis of tuft cell fate and differentiation and why elucidating tuft cell function has been so difficult. Finally, we summarize the current hypotheses on their potential involvement in diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract. 相似文献
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Yeung TM Chia LA Kosinski CM Kuo CJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2011,68(15):2513-2523
The gastrointestinal epithelium is a highly organised tissue that is constantly being renewed. In order to maintain homeostasis,
the balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal and differentiation must be carefully regulated. In this review,
we describe how the intestinal stem cell niche provides a unique environment to regulate self-renewal and differentiation
of ISCs. It has traditionally been believed that the mesenchymal myofibroblasts play an important role in the crosstalk between
ISCs and the niche. However, recent evidence in Drosophila and in vertebrates suggests that epithelial cells also contribute to the niche. We discuss the multiple signalling pathways
that are utilised to regulate stemness within the niche, including members of the Wnt, BMP and Hedgehog pathways, and how
aberrations in these signals lead to disruption of the normal crypt–villus axis. Finally, we also discuss how CDX1 and inhibition
of the Notch pathway are important in specifying enterocyte and goblet cell differentiation respectively. 相似文献
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Lanigan F O'Connor D Martin F Gallagher WM 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(24):3159-3184
During its lifetime, the mammary gland undergoes many phases of development and differentiation. Much of this occurs during
puberty, when the ductal epithelium expands by branching morphogenesis, invading the surrounding fat pad to form an organised
mammary tree. Throughout its existence, the epithelium will go through several cycles of proliferation and cell death during
pregnancy, lactation and involution. Many of the signalling mechanisms which control the initial invasion of the fat pad by
the epithelium, and regulate its continuing plasticity, can be harnessed or corrupted by tumour cells in order to support
their aberrant growth and progression towards invasion. This is true not just for the epithelial cells themselves but also
for cells in the surrounding microenvironment, including fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes. This review examines the
complex web of signalling and adhesion interactions controlling branching morphogenesis, and how their alteration can promote
malignancy. Current in vivo and in vitro mammary gland models are also discussed. (Part of a Multi-author Review) 相似文献
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Spermatozoa generated in the testis are immature and incompetent for fertilization. During their journey toward the egg, the
sperm acquire fertility and achieving fertilization. These sperm modifications to ensure fertilization are induced by many
female or male extra-sperm factors: for example, sperm motility-activating factors from the egg jelly, sperm attractants from
the eggs, and decapacitation factors from the seminal plasma. The factors controlling sperm fertility are myriad and species
specific; they may be peptides, sugar chains, or small organic compounds. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanisms underlying
fertilization must be common among all animals; increase in [Ca2+]i triggers all the steps in the process of fertilization, and cAMP plays important roles in many steps. Elucidating the dynamic
functional and morphological changes in sperm cells is important for understanding the regulation of fertilization. Here,
we introduce the diversity and generality of the control of sperm fertility.
Received 28 April 2008; received after revision 13 June 2008; accepted 17 June 2008 相似文献
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Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the control of NF-AT signaling 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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J Lestage 《Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Série D, Sciences naturelles》1977,285(4):357-359
Effects of diet on the mitotic activity and cellular mortality rate of the intestinal epithelium cells have been examined in Toad tadpoles. As yolk is utilized, the composition of diet has little effect on these 2 parameters. As development goes on, the cellular mortality rate increases with dietary carbohydrate, fat or protein supplementation. But only the fats affect the mitotic activity. 相似文献