1990—2010年间我国北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化归因

以我国北方传统农牧交错带为研究区,以植被归一化指数(NDVI)表征地表植被覆盖度,对土地利用数据和降水量、气温等气象数据两大类影响因子进行相关性分析.研究发现:1990—2010年该地区主要土地利用类型发生了显著的相互转化,但占优势的仍是草地、耕地和林地,土地利用和景观结构未发生重大变化.研究期间,北方农牧交错带耕地、林地和未利用土地植被覆盖度均有所增加,草地植被覆盖度有所减少.植被覆盖度与年均降水量呈极显著相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带降水呈减少趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.植被覆盖度与同期年均气温数据也呈现一定的正相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带气温变化属于升温趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.研究表明北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化是在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下发生的,土地利用变化和降水、气温气象数据两种因素对植被覆盖度的影响具有明显的地域性特征,土地利用变化因子的影响由于受政策和人类活动的参与而正逐渐占据着主导地位,而气候条件中,气温升高对植被覆盖度具有一定的正相关性,降水量因子在径流量充沛地区影响作用较弱,但在水源缺乏,人类活动干预较少农牧交错带西北地区仍然有着重要的影响作用.     

山东省植被覆盖度变化的气象驱动力分析

基于遥感和GIS技术获取2000—2010年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,对与植被生长有关的气象影响因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,山东省植被覆盖度变化与夏季平均气温主要为负相关关系,与夏季降水量具有较显著的正相关关系,不同地区的气象因素对植被覆盖度的影响具有较大差异。     

大连市植被覆盖度时空变化研究

城市植被覆盖度是评价城市生态环境质量的一项重要指标.研究选取Landsat影像为数据源,采用像元二分模型并结合GIS分析功能,将大连市植被覆盖度分为低、较低、中、较高和高5个级别,获得2000—2016年的大连市植被覆盖度分布图.研究发现:2000年、2007年、2011年和2016年大连市平均植被覆盖度分别为56.4%、58.6%、55.7%和56.9%,各时期覆盖度大于60%的面积约为总面积的1/2;大连市高植被覆盖度集中分布在大连市北部(庄河、普兰店、瓦房店);庄河植被覆盖度对整体水平有明显增高作用,市辖区、金州、瓦房店为降低作用;2000—2016年期间,植被覆盖度显著退化区域面积分别为348、444、366km~2,显著改善区域面积为1 268、555、840km~2.植被覆盖度的变化与城市的经济建设及"青山生态系统工程"等政策密切相关.气象因子在年尺度相和月尺度相与植被覆盖度均未呈现明显相关性,社会因子中人口密度和地均GDP均与植被覆盖度呈现显著负相关性.     

汾河流域植被NDVI的时空变化特征及其对气候因子 的响应

了解流域植被的时空变化,对气候变化背景下的流域生态恢复具有重要意义。利用趋 势分析、空间自相关分析以及相关性分析方法,对 2001—2019 年汾河流域归一化植被指数 （NDVI）、气温、降水量的时空格局和变化趋势以及植被NDVI对气温和降水量的响应进行了分析。 结果表明：（1）2001—2019年汾河流域植被NDVI表现为盆地地区低、流域东西两侧山地地区高的 特征,增长幅度表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;（2）汾河流域植被NDVI高-高聚集型和低-低聚集型 的区域面积分别占汾河流域总面积的36.13%和21.87%,低-高聚集型与高-低聚集型在全年与各 季节分布均较少;（3）汾河流域2001—2019年升温幅度为0.038 ℃/a,4个季节的升温幅度大小次序 为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;降水量呈增加趋势（3.084 mm/a）,4个季节的降水量增加幅度大小次序为 夏季>春季>冬季>秋季;（4）汾河流域植被NDVI对气温与降水量的响应较弱,仅春季与夏季的年际 降水量变化对植被NDVI存在显著影响。研究结果可为汾河流域植被动态变化管理及生态环境恢 复提供理论依据。     

玉树藏族自治州草地植被覆盖变化及其自然影响因子的相关性分析

为了揭示玉树州地区草地生态环境的变化以及主要驱动力,利用2005—2012年MOD13Q1系列的NDVI数据以及同时间序列的气象资料,以NDVI作为草地覆盖度的指示性指标分析了区域内草地植被覆盖度的变化及与各自然影响因子的相关性。分析结果表明:玉树州的草地植被覆盖度在近几年处于一个良好的恢复态势。从州域尺度上分析,影响玉树州草地覆盖度的决定性因素是气温,降雨和日照时间对草地覆盖度并没有太大的影响。在县域尺度上分析,玉树州内不同区域的草地覆盖度则对水热条件存在着不一样的相关程度。在部分地区,年均气温、夏季温度、降雨等条件的影响仍然是主要驱动因子,而日照时间与冬季温度的影响则在全部地区均不显著。     

2000-2015年广西北部湾植被NDVI时空演变及因子探测

为探测广西北部湾归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）的时空演变格局及其影响机制,本研究运用一元线性回归法、变异系数法和地理探测器分析等方法探究2000-2015年广西北部湾植被NDVI变化特性及其驱动机制。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年研究区植被覆盖状况良好,植被NDVI年均值为0.753,夏季和秋季多,春季和冬季少,呈缓慢上升的趋势;植被覆盖类型以中高级分类为主,面积占比超过60％,多分布在高山地区,中、中低级植被覆盖类型占比小,主要分布于沿海地区;（2）植被NDVI的稳定性存在明显地域差异,变异系数均值为3.9%,变异稳定区面积占比为48.55%,不稳定区占比为45.34%;（3）地理探测器探测发现气温是植被NDVI的主要解释因子,人为因子的解释力波动上升;因子两两交互作用后能增强单因子解释力,且存在线性与非线性两种协同效应;同因子中不同的分类对植被NDVI的影响不同,适度的分类等级范围能促进植被NDVI的增加。     

陕北黄土高原植被动态变化及其对气候因子的响应

为了研究退耕还林还草工程实施后期,陕北黄土高原地区地表植被变化特征及气候因子对植被变化的影响,采用MODIS NDVI数据,通过像元二分法计算植被覆盖度,结合相关气象站点监测数据,利用线性回归分析、相关系数及显著性检验法,分析了陕北黄土高原植被覆盖度时空变化趋势及其对气温、降水因子的响应。结果表明:研究区植被覆盖度空间分布差异显著,由北向南植被覆盖度由低向高过渡明显,2009—2016年植被覆盖等级的空间转移变化主要发生在北部和中部地区,表现出由中低植被覆盖向中等植被覆盖转移、中等植被覆盖向中高植被覆盖转移的态势。2009—2016年研究区植被覆盖度年际变化速率较小,整体呈平缓增加趋势,中部和南部部分地区有减少趋势但变化趋势不显著。研究区内年植被覆盖度与年降水量、年平均气温的相关系数、偏相关系数均较小,相关性不显著。不同区域的植被覆盖度对气候因子的响应结果不同,在空间上正负相关性共存,研究区北部受年降水量影响较大,而中部受年平均气温影响较大。研究区植被覆盖度对气候因子的响应存在滞后性,生长季的植被生长受同月降水量和前一月平均气温的影响较大,且绝大部分地区均表现为正向相关。     

呼伦贝尔NDVI变化及与气候变化的关系研究

本文基于1982-1999年的Pathfinder AVHRR NDVI指数数据集和2000-2010年的MODIS NDVI数据集分析呼伦贝尔NDVI多年和季节尺度变化;根据呼伦贝尔市及周边15个气象站点1964-2013年逐日气象观测资料,探究呼伦贝尔的最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、降水量变化以及NDVI变化与4个气象要素的关系。结果表明：近29a呼伦贝尔的年均NDVI显著增大,其中春季NDVI值增大最快而秋季增大最慢;呼伦贝尔近50a的气温显著上升,尤以最低气温上升最明显,在季节变化上,冬季各温度指标温度上升最快;年降水量呈增多趋势,以春季降水增加最显著,夏季降水波动最大;年均NDVI与平均气温、降水量显著相关,但是NDVI与气温、降水的相关性在年、季不同时间尺度均有很大差异,在四季中以夏季NDVI均值与各气象因子相关性最强。温度、降水与NDVI的相关模态分离研究表明,平均温度升高时NDVI值偏大,而降水增多NDVI值减小。     

2000—2014年贵州省安顺市NDVI变化及其与气温、降水的关系

【目的】植被恢复是石漠化治理的核心,研究典型喀斯特石漠化地区植被变化趋势及其与气温、降水的关系,为明确后期植被恢复的重点区域和可利用的关键气候因子提供决策依据。【方法】基于2000—2014年MODIS-NDVI数据集资料,结合相同时期观测的气温与降水数据,运用均值法、趋势线分析法和相关分析法来分析贵州省安顺市NDVI的变化趋势及其对降水和气温的响应特征。【结果】2000—2014年,石漠化严重地区安顺市植被覆盖呈明显的上升趋势;植被覆盖增加的区域主要集中在海拔相对较高且石漠化严重的紫云县和镇宁县,而植被覆盖减少的区域主要分布于北部安顺市西秀区—普定县—平坝县交界沿线以及主要县级行政中心所在地及其周边地区;年均降水量与年均气温对安顺市NDVI的变化影响不大,而在月际NDVI变化尺度上,气温条件则是植被生长的关键因素;NDVI变化对气温和降水均没有明显的滞后效应或滞后时间较短。【结论】在后期安顺市生态修复及石漠化综合治理过程中,应加强对北部植被覆盖减少区域的治理;充分利用气温因子的作用,合理安排植被培育、栽植等管理活动;同时应以创建“国家森林城市”为契机,不断提高植被覆盖水平。
     

呼伦贝尔植被覆盖指数变化及与气候变化的关系研究

基于1982~1999年的Pathfinder AVHRR NDVI指数数据集和2000~2010年的MODIS NDVI数据集分析呼伦贝尔植被覆盖指数(normalized difference vegetation inelex,NDVI)多年和季节尺度变化;根据呼伦贝尔市及周边15个气象站点1964~2013年逐日气象观测资料,探究呼伦贝尔的最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、降水量变化以及NDVI变化与4个气象要素的关系。结果表明:近29年呼伦贝尔的年均NDVI显著增大,其中春季NDVI值增大最快,而秋季增大最慢;呼伦贝尔近50年的气温显著上升,尤以最低气温上升最明显;在季节变化上,冬季各温度指标温度上升最快;年降水量呈增多趋势,以春季降水增加最显著,夏季降水波动最大;年均NDVI与平均气温、降水量显著相关;但是NDVI与气温、降水的相关性在年、季不同时间尺度均有很大差异;在四季中以夏季NDVI均值与各气象因子相关性最强。温度、降水与NDVI的相关模态分离研究表明,平均温度升高时NDVI值偏大,而降水增多NDVI值减小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.