年际和年代际气候变化的全球时空特征比较

5利用1950－1998年全球海洋同化分析资料和全球大气再分析资料，分析比较了全球海气系统年际和年代际变化的主要时空特征。结果表明：1）全球上层海洋年际变化主要为位于热带太平洋的ENSO模态，年代际变化最显区域中纬度海洋、赤道外热带东太平洋和大西洋及南半球高纬度区域；2）全球大气年际和年代际变化均主要位于中高纬地区尤其是两极地区，在年际时间尺度上，气温异常和气压异常没有明显的对应关系，但在年代际时间尺度上，气温增暖（变冷）常常伴随着气压的降低（升高）；3）在年际时间尺度上，发生在中高纬度陆地地区的大气年际变化和主要发生在热带海洋的上层海洋年际变化没有一致性的内在联系，前主要表现为大气内部（浑沌）变化，而后主要为热带海气相互作用产生的ENSO变化；4）在年代际时间尺度上，全球海洋大气系统大约在20世纪70年代均一致性地经历了一次跃变，其结果导致80年代以来，全球大范围地区（尤其是两极和西伯利亚地区）气温明显偏暖，赤道两侧的热带东太平洋、北美和南美西海岸及非洲西海岸等海域海表温度偏高，伴随着这种全球大范围背景增暖现象，青藏高原北部地区和格陵兰岛气温具有变冷趋势，而中纬度北太平洋和南半球高纬度海域海表温度也表现为降低。     

深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐变化及富营养化特征

根据 1986?2007 年深圳湾海水水质监测资料, 阐述了氮磷营养盐的变化趋势及其相互关系, 并探讨了深圳湾海域富营养化程度。结果表明, 深圳湾海域水体溶解态无机氮含量年际变化幅度较大, 但总体呈上升趋势。氨氮是溶解态无机氮的主要组成形态, 表明深圳湾无机氮处于热力学不平衡状态。深圳湾海域水体中活性磷酸盐值含量变化幅度比较小, 总体呈下降趋势。深圳湾水体 DIN/ P 值在 1998 年以前呈不断上升趋势, 1998?2002 年之间呈现波动变化, 从 2002 年开始降低, 营养盐含量和组成的改变导致浮游植物群落结构的改变, 深圳湾海域发生的赤潮生物种类有从硅藻向甲藻过渡, 然后从甲藻 向硅藻过渡的趋势;相关分析表明, 溶解态无机氮以及氮磷营养盐之间的相关关系显著( r = 0. 769,p < 0. 01) , 说明氮磷营养盐间有一定程度相似的生物地球化学过程;水体营养状态质量指数显示深圳湾海水富营养化程度很高, 高度富营养化的水体使得深圳湾海域的赤潮日趋频繁, 控制入湾水体污染刻不容缓。     

我国黄海浒苔绿潮暴发海域环境因子季节性变化及年际变化分析

【目的】掌握环境因子与浒苔绿潮之间的相互影响关系,为绿潮形成机制研究和半岛绿潮灾害防治提供科学资料。【方法】通过整理收集浒苔绿潮暴发重点海域的历史数据和现场调查数据,系统分析浒苔绿潮暴发期间以及浒苔绿潮暴发前后关键环境因子(温度、盐度、pH值、溶解氧DO、无机氮、磷酸盐和叶绿素a)的季节性变化、年际变化。【结果】南黄海海域表层海水温度2—8月份呈上升趋势,年际变化不大;盐度季节性和年际变化幅度不大;pH值2—8月份呈现先下降后升高再下降的趋势,历年来2月份呈上升趋势,8月份呈下降趋势;DO浓度2—8月份呈现先下降后升高再下降的趋势,年际变化很小;无机氮浓度2—8月份呈现先上升后下降的趋势,历年来2月份比较稳定,8月份呈下降趋势;磷酸盐季节性变化无规律,年际变化不大;浒苔绿潮暴发期间底层海水叶绿素a浓度高于表、中层。【结论】表层海水温度、盐度和无机氮都适宜于浒苔的生长,这是导致浒苔发生发展,乃至导致绿潮发生的区域环境因素;浒苔绿潮与DO、磷酸盐关系不明显;浒苔暴发导致浮游植物的生长受到极大限制。     

青岛崂山湾海域营养盐时空特征及年际变化规律

根据2012年5月至2015年3月对青岛崂山湾12个航次的调查资料,分析了DIN、PO_4-P和COD的时空特征及年际变化规律。运用单因子指数、富营养化指数和海水有机污染状况指数等方法评价了该海域富营养化状况。结果显示:NO_3-N为DIN的主要存在形式,DIN为崂山湾的主要污染因子,12个航次平均DIN浓度66.67%。符合一类海水水质标准;PO_4-P及COD浓度均符合一类海水水质标准。N/P近20年总体呈上升趋势,该海域已由氮限制水体转变为磷限制水体,营养盐结构发生了根本性变化。富营养化指数均值为0.42,海水有机污染指数变化区间为-0.35~1.50,较富营养化指数法、海水有机污染指数法结论更为客观。     

2008年台风森拉克引起上层海水降温的机制

采用区域海洋模型(regional ocean modeling system,ROMS)模拟了2008-2009年西太平洋的水动力过程,重点关注台湾东侧台风影响的海域,研究2008年13号强台风森拉克引起的上层海水降温机制.通过对模拟结果的分析,认为30m以上海水的降温主要是扩散作用即夹卷效应造成,而30m以下海水的降温主要由垂向对流即上升流造成.海水从下层50～800m的深度处辐聚上升,在表层50m以浅辐散流出.台风过后海水温度逐渐恢复.研究认为:台风会加强海水的垂向湍流/混合,导致最大Ekman泵吸水深下探,使得下层的低温海水更有可能到达表层.     

上层海洋热力异常对西北太平洋热带气旋气候特征的影响

重点分析了1970-2003年期间西北太平洋的热带气旋活动特征与海洋表面温度、上层海洋的热力异常变化以及对流层低层的大尺度环流特征之间的关系.分析结果发现在西北太平洋海域,热带气旋活动趋势与上层海洋热力异常变化(上层海洋热含量)以及对流层低层的西风异常之间有着显著的相关关系,而与海洋表面温度无显著关系.并在此基础上探讨了这种关系存在的物理机制.     

舟山西部近岸海水中敌草隆和石油烃的分布特征

为研究敌草隆、石油烃对舟山近岸海域生态系统的影响,调查分析了2011-2013年舟山主岛西部近岸海水中敌草隆的含量,同时调查分析了2011年至2012年间该海域中表层海水中石油烃的含量.结果表明,调查海域海水中敌草隆检出浓度范围为＜3～52.1 ng/L,平均浓度为＜11.1 ng/L.表层海水中石油烃检出浓度范围为0.019.～0.244 mg/L,平均含量为0.066 mg/L,未超海水水质四类标准,符合海洋功能区划要求.连续3年调查结果表明,调查海域中敌草隆的含量呈现缓缓上升趋势,对调查海域生态系统的潜在风险有增长的趋势.     

60亿人导演的悲剧——海平面上升，多少城市即将被淹没？

什么是海平面上升？ 海平面上升是由全球气候变暖、极地冰川融化、上层海水变热膨胀等原因引起的全球性海平面上升现象。     

气候变化背景下渤黄海海温时空特征分析

【目的】研究渤黄海海温时空变化特征及其与全球海温的关系。【方法】采用相关分析、小波分析等方法,对1985—2015年渤黄海海洋站的海温观测资料进行分析。【结果】渤海是中国内海,沿岸海温受陆地影响显著,变化幅度大,对气温响应快;黄海作为太平洋的边缘海,与外海水体交换通畅,水温变化幅度相对较小,水温变化与渤海相比具有一定的滞后性;各站海温变化周期特征不尽相同,但在2000年以后各站均有较为明显的8年周期;渤黄海海温与全球大部分海域一致,近30年呈现上升趋势,但上升速率与同纬度太平洋和大西洋相比较低,黄海海温上升速率高于渤海。【结论】渤黄海海温具有明显的月际、年际和周期变化特征,受海陆分布等因素影响渤黄海海温对气候变暖的响应低于同纬度太平洋和大西洋。     

1997～1998年El Ni(?)o期间印度洋和西太平洋上层海洋的联系

通过对海面高度场和上层海洋热含量年际变化的分析,揭示了1997～1998El Nino期间热带东印度洋与热带西太平洋上层海洋的内在关系,在1997～1998El Nino事件爆发前期,海面高度距平信号首先在热带西太平洋出现,随后在热带东印度洋海区也出现了负距平。上层海洋热含量的负距平信号在El Nino前期也同样先出现在热带西太平洋,依据热带东印度洋和热带西太平洋年际尺度调整存在的联系,我们采用热带东印度洋海洋上层热含量距平的增长,估算印度尼西亚贯穿流的流量,得到的结果与观测具有相同的量级,这种间接估计表明热带东印度洋在1997～1998El Nino期间的异常,是可以部分经由热带西太平洋距平通过贯穿流而引起的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.