德阳市热场及其变化的遥感分析

研究采用1988、2000和2011年夏季的热红外遥感影像反演德阳市的地表亮度温度,并对德阳市域及其市区的热场特征及其变化规律进行了分析.研究成果能够为德阳市的生态环境保护和可持续发展提供参考依据.     

6种城市下垫面热环境效应对比研究

选择6种具有代表性的城市下垫面(沥青路面、水泥路面、荷兰砖地面、草地、嵌草砖地面、大理石地面)作为观测对象,基于热红外成像技术对其地表温度特征进行观测,系统分析不同城市下垫面地表温度的日变化以及季节变化特征,并利用不同下垫面温度的时间标准差、空间标准差及时空数据标准差定量揭示城市不同下垫面地表温度的时空变化特征,对比研究不同下垫面的热环境效应,结果如下。1)不同下垫面地表温度的日变化一般呈先上升后下降的单峰形态,草地地表温度在不同季节的日变化波动差异较大。沥青的地表温度在全年均为最高,对热环境的影响较大;嵌草砖和大理石在全年的温度均较低,对热环境具有较好的缓解作用,且缓解作用在夏季最显著。2)不同下垫面地表日均温度全年均高于大气温度,表明城市下垫面对大气在一年中都有加热作用。3)气温、太阳辐射以及空气相对湿度对下垫面地表温度的影响均较为显著;气温和太阳辐射与下垫面地表温度之间呈正相关关系,对下垫面以增温作用为主;空气相对湿度与下垫面地表温度之间呈负相关关系,对下垫面增温起抑制作用。4)嵌草砖的热环境稳定性较草地和大理石要好;沥青路面的温度变化特征最能代表本研究观测区域下垫面地表温度的时空变化特征。研究结果对了解城市不同下垫面热环境具有一定参考意义,可为缓解城市热环境提供科学依据。     

城市地表热环境与景观格局的关系——以深圳市为例

利用深圳市2009年10月的TM影像和土地利用数据,通过地表温度反演、温度差异分区和叠图分析方法,研究土地利用类型和结构与地表热环境分异特征之间的关系,同时使用不同温度分区样地调查与景观格局分析方法,探讨城市景观格局与地表热环境之间的关系。结果表明:1)不同温度分区的土地利用结构差异显著,景观格局特征分异明显,中温区景观的破碎化程度最高、形状最复杂,冷岛区景观的异质性最低、形状简单聚集程度高;2)不同温度分区的景观格局特征与温度的相关关系也截然不同,热岛区的景观整体格局指数与地表温度呈负相关,在冷岛区为正相关关系;3)绿地、水域等土地利用类型的面积百分比及格局指数在冷、热岛区域与地表温度的相关关系差异显著,并且对地表的降温效应显示明显的阈值特征。研究城市景观格局与地表温度的关系,有助于深入理解土地利用格局对城市地表热环境的影响,可以为城市景观格局优化、缓解热岛效应提供基础研究支持。     

黄河中下游典型地区农业景观格局的热环境效应——以中牟县为例

利用1988年和2007年的遥感数据,借助于地理信息系统技术,分析黄河中下游地区中牟县农业景观格局动态,采用单窗算法定量反演研究区的地表温度,尝试对农业景观格局的热环境效应进行探讨.结果发现,研究区近20年景观格局变化显著,地表温度对此动态有明显响应.不同景观类型的地表温度差异较大,1988年旱地景观和2007年未利用地景观的地表温度均比河渠高出10℃以上,而本研究区建设用地景观对地表温度影响作用偏小.距河渠景观较近的廊道缓冲区平均地表温度较低,而趋向道路中心线时其缓冲区的地表温度升高.研究表明,相比前人在城市景观热环境效应研究所得结论,农业景观格局对区域热环境有自己独特而重要的影响.     

城市绿地类型及格局特征与地表温度的关系——以深圳特区为例

以深圳特区为例,利用2005年11月份的TM和Quickbird影像数据,在进行地表温度反演和城市绿地详细解译的基础上,研究了城市绿地类型、属性特征与地表热环境分异之间的关系.研究结果显示,城市绿地不同类型的地表温度差异较大,各类人工绿地的地表温度普遍高于自然绿地类型.分样区平均NDVI和聚集度指数与热岛强度指数之间呈显著的正相关关系,而均匀度和碎裂化指数则与热岛强度指数之间呈显著的负相关关系.上述结果表明,城市绿地的类型、结构及其格局特征均对城市热环境空间分异具有显著影响,在城市绿地建设工作中,应充分重视绿地景观的这种热环境效应特征的指导意义,以期使城市绿地建设能够更好地担负其必要的生态服务功能.     

上海快速城市化不同阶段城市热场景观格局演变研究

本文以上海市为例对城市热环境的空间分布特点及不同城市化阶段的演变特征进行分析.研究表明:随着上海城市化的深入,热环境空间结构趋于复杂,不同的城市化发展阶段热环境格局呈现出截然不同的演变特征.结合景观格局指数与转移矩阵对热环境的演变规律进行分析得出:城市化高速发展阶段,主城区及近郊区内的低温斑块等级上升明显,热环境格局的聚合度显著下降,景观多样性指数明显上升.优化发展阶段,主城区内强热场面积下降,近郊或远郊地区强热场明显增加,总体热环境格局的聚合度及多样性指数变化趋势减弱.本次研究结果展现了城市化不同阶段中城市热环境格局的分布与演变特征,为科学制定应对城市热岛问题的措施提供科学的参考.     

廊道结构对北京市空间热环境的影响分析

为了解决城市热岛效应对城市生态环境的影响问题，通过对北京市近3年地表温度和热岛强度反演，揭示了北京市空间热环境的时空演变规律，在此基础上，对城市道路系统、绿化带和水系与空间热环境的关系进行了详尽的研究。结果证明。城市廊道系统对城市空间热环境有明显的影响，但影响范围一般不会超过300m．这一结论对城市廊道系统的规划具有重要的指导意义。     

基于TM数据的煤矿区热环境效应及其生态意义

安徽省凤台县是我国重要的新兴能源基地之一,煤矿分布密集,煤矿区域效应显著。文章选用2007年4月3日的Landsat-5 TM数据,利用单窗算法反演地表温度,由此获取地表温度分级图,计算热场变异指数,并与植被覆盖度进行相关性分析。研究表明,研究区存在明显的热岛效应,矿区、城区、工业区和部分山区,植被覆盖度低,温度较高,热场变异指数和植被覆盖度呈较好的负相关性,可以作为反映区域生态环境的重要因子。     

有限温度下的热叠加态

作者利用热场动力学方法（ＴＦＤ），提出了具有有限温度的热叠加态。研究了这种热叠加态的量子统计性质及其与温度的关系。提出热场态的热压缩的定义，并讨论了温度对热压缩的影响，在一定的条件和适当的温度下，这种热压缩将被增强。     

基于Landsat数据的昆明地区热岛效应分析

利用Landsat TM数据,对昆明地表温度进行反演,在此基础上分析了昆明地区热岛效应强度以及空间分布;定量研究了地表温度和植被指数的相关性。结果表明,地表温度与下垫面类型密切相关.初步探讨了降低热岛效应和改善热环境的途径;填补了昆明地区基于遥感城市热环境研究的空白。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.