长江、黄河河口沉积物中生物标志化合物组成的初步研究

该文对长江口、黄河口以及废黄河口现代沉积物中生物标志化合物组成进行分析。结果表明：长江与黄河沉积物中的生物标志化合物组成有较大的差别,长江沉积物中具明显奇偶优势的高碳数正构烷烃以及C29甾烷的相对含量较高,Pr/Ph值较大,受陆生高等植物的影响明显;黄河低碳数正构烷烃和C27甾烷的相对含量较高,Pr/Ph值较小,受陆生高等植物的影响较弱。甾烷、萜烷的成熟度指数显示长江高于黄河、现代黄河高于废黄河。这些差异主要受流域环境背景和流域内人文过程两大不同因素的影响。     

长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组成及差异

利用显微镜观察、X射线物相分析、容量法等方法分析了长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组分，结果表明长江沉积物碳酸盐含量在4%～8%之间，碳酸盐含量随粒级呈衰变型分布，在<0.125mm的粒级中碳酸盐含量稳定于3%～5%左右；黄河沉积物中碳酸盐含量在8%～18%之间，碳酸盐含量随粒级呈不对称鞍型分布，在<0.045mm的粒级中碳酸盐含量明显增高，达12%以上．长江、黄河中的碳酸盐含生物碎屑和碎屑碳酸盐两种成因类型，生物碎屑多属文石质，主要分布于>0.125mm的粒级之中；碎屑碳酸盐以低镁方解石占优势，长江以单晶方解石为主，黄河以隐晶质方解石集合体为主．长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组成及差别主要受流域的风化条件、物源及生态环境的制约．     

珠江广州江段水体沉积物和悬浮物中27种元素的含量与形态分布特征

采用等离子体光谱分析技术研究了珠江广州江段水体沉积物与悬浮物中27种元素的含量和赋存形态特征.在沉积物中,强烈迁移型元素(Na、Ca、Mg、Sr等)含量比长江、黄河明显偏低,排序为黄河＞长江＞珠江;迁移累积型元素(Fe、Mn、Ti、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu等过渡元素及Al、P、Li等)介于长江与黄河之间,排序为长江＞珠江＞黄河;K、Ba等元素含量则与长江、黄河相近.该江段的不同河段沉积物中元素含量变异系数较大,特别是某些污染元素达50%以上.各元素的形态分布有一定规律,Li、Na、K、Rb、Be、Al、Ga、Ti、V及Nb元素基本以残渣态存在,占总量的95%以上;Fe、Sc、V、Cr、Ni、Co等过渡元素及P、Ba、Pb、Y等元素的残渣态比例在60%～85%范围内,还有较大比例的铁锰态及有机态或碳酸盐态;Cu、Zn、Ca和Mn的残渣态含量比例最低,均在50%以下,在非稳定态中Cu以有机态为主,Mn和Zn以铁锰态及碳酸盐态为主,而Ca则以碳酸盐态及可交换态为主.在悬浮物中大部分元素的含量与形态分布变化趋势与相应江段的沉积物相似,但其含量值均比沉积物有明显偏高,残渣态比例均有偏低,非稳定态特别是可交换态比例有较普遍的偏高,也就是说,悬浮物中大部分元素的潜在活性较沉积物偏高.     

江苏岸外海底沙脊群的物质来源

本文通过对江苏岸外海底沙脊群的沉积物的粒度、矿物和孢粉以及沉积结构、构造的分析研究,并与苏北废黄河水下三角洲、古长江水下三角洲、现代长江水下三角洲以及长江三角洲平原第四纪地层的沉积物的对比分析,指出江苏岸外海底沙脊群的沉积物主要是晚更新世冰期古长江入海的物质。     

长江武汉段和黄河花园口段水体中重金属污染物的急性毒性效应

采用Q67发光菌和大型蚤为试验生物,在实验室条件下对长江武汉段、黄河花园口段的河水及表层沉积物和孔隙水及其加标样品(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni)进行了毒性测试,通过测定样品对受试生物的EC₅₀和LC₅₀值,评价了2河段水体重金属毒性和对毒性的屏蔽效应。结果表明长江武汉段和黄河花园口段的上覆水和沉积物孔隙水均未对Q67发光菌产生毒性,但是长江沉积物样品在96h内对大型蚤产生明显的急性毒性。加标重金属后,长江孔隙水中观察到的毒性均小于黄河孔隙水;而在上覆水中,加标后毒性增加,其中加入相同质量浓度Zn和Ni,长江表现出的毒性反而大于黄河;对加标的长江沉积物,不同重金属对大型蚤的毒性大小顺序是Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb。     

黄河下游环境变迁在巨野钻孔沉积特征上的响应

通过对巨野国庄钻孔剖面的粒度特征的分析,结合历史文献资料,揭示了巨野泽环境变迁的历史以及黄河决溢改道对其的影响.剖面以10.6 m为界分2部分,下部对应公元2000年以前,当时巨野泽面积广大,汶水注入其间,沉积环境既有洪水期的河床沉积环境,又有平水期的湖滨浅水沉积环境.10.6 m以上受黄河泛滥影响,湖泽逐渐减小至消失,沉积物既包括河流沉积物,也包括湖泊沉积物.其中5.75～2.66～0.75～0.6 m对应年代约为公元944年-公元1374年公元1850年-1950年,平均沉积速率逐渐减小,分别为7.1,4.1,1.5 mm·a-1.     

南四湖湖泊沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

黄河下游地区湖泊演化多与黄河河道变迁密切相关，在分析鲁西南南四湖DS2孔沉积物磁化率参数的基础上，结合历史记载资料，探讨历史时期人与自然相互作用下的湖泊沉积物响应.2400aB.P.左右南四湖地区环境演变出现明显的变化，湖泊沉积物磁化率曲线显示黄河泛滥开始影响该区域.公元前400～公元170年与1200～1870年期间是黄河影响DS孔湖泊沉积的主要时期.2400aB.P.以前南四湖地区的独山湖一带湖泊尚未形成.推测当时为泗河、城河冲积扇前缘的洼地.13世纪以来为保证运河漕运进行的人类活动与黄河泛滥加速了现代南四湖形成.     

东海陆架北部长江、黄河沉积物影响范围的定量估算

采用粒度分析、扫描电镜观察（SEM）、ICP－AES分析等方法，得到了关于长江、黄河入海沉积物的示踪粒级以及示踪指标，并提出沉积物物源定量识别的非线性规划数学模型，进而实现了东海陆架北部表层沉积物中长江型、黄河型物质的定量估算。     

长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组成及差异

利用显微镜观察、X射线物相分析、容量法等方法分析了长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组分，结果表明长江沉积物碳酸盐含量在4％－8％之间，碳酸盐含量随粒级呈衰变型分布，在＜0.125mm的粒级中碳酸盐含量稳定于3％－5％左右；黄河沉积物中碳酸盐含量在8％－18％之间，碳酸盐含量随粒级呈不对称鞍型分布，在＜0.045mm的粒级中碳酸盐含量明显增高，达12％以上。长江、黄河中的碳酸盐含生物碎屑和碎屑碳酸盐两种成因类型，生物碎屑多属文石质，主要分布于＞0.125mm的粒级之中；碎屑碳酸盐以低镁方解石占优势，长江以单晶方解石为主，黄河以隐晶质方解石集合体为主。长江、黄河沉积物中碳酸盐组成及差别主要受流域的风化条件、物源及生态环境的制约。     

长江与黄河现代表层沉积物元素组成及其示踪作用

长江与黄河现代表层沉积物中常量及微量元素组成特征明显不同。长江相对富Ｋ、Ｆｅ,Ａｌ等常量元素及绝大多数微量元素,且元素含量变化大;而黄河相对富Ｃａ,Ｎａ,Ｓｒ,Ｚｒ,Ｈｆ等少数元素,元素含量变化较小;Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｓｃ,Ｔｉ,Ｆｅ,Ｖ,Ｎｉ,Ｃｒ,Ｍｎ,Ｌｉ,Ｚｒ,Ｈｆ,Ａｌ等元素及Ｌａ／Ｓｃ,Ｔｈ／Ｃｏ,Ｌａ／Ｃｏ,Ｔｉ／Ｚｒ,Ｚｒ／Ｙ等元素比值可较好地用来区分长江与黄河沉积物,以探索长江与黄河的     

Elemental composition in the sediments of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers and their tracing implication

Elemental compositions in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are quite different. The Yangtze River' s sediment is rich in K, Fe, Mg, Al and most of trace elements, and its elemental composition show remarkable spatial variations, whereas the Yellow River s sediment has higher contents of Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Zr and Hf, and the elemental composition remains relatively stable. The ratios of some elements are also different in the sediments of the two rivers. The elemental composition of the Yangtze River sediment results from widely distributed igneous rocks and complicated source rocks and strong chemical weathering in the Yangtze River catchment basin, while the main provenance of the Yellow River sediment is the Loess Plateau which has dominant influence on the elemental composition, and the intense physical weathering is another controlling factor. The elements such as Cu, Zn, Sc, Ti, Fe, V, Ni, Cr, Co, Li and element ratios such as La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Ti/Zr and Zr/Y can be used as the tracers to distinguish the Yangtze River sediment from the Yellow River s. The tracers can be used in the study of the mixing and distribution of the substances of the two rivers matters in coastal zones of China.     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediments of the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries, China

The concentrations and congener profiles of poly-chlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediment samples collected from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries were inves-tigated. PCN congeners (from MoCNs to OCN) were determined by isotope dilution/high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). The total concentrations of PCNs were 34.3-303.0 pg/g (dry weight, dw) in the Yangtze Estuary samples and 6.2-408.0 pg/g (dw) in the Yellow River Estuary samples, which were lower compared with that in other sediments reported by previous studies. In addition, the remarkably different homologue or congener profiles of PCNs have been obtained in this study. Samples dominated with MoCNs to TrCNs might be attributed to atmospheric deposition and global fractionation, while in other samples taken from the surrounding industrial areas the enrichment of higher chlorinated homologues suggested that the industrial and human activities should be the main potential sources.     

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

长江中下游河流沉积物磁性特征初探

通过多参数磁性测量分析,探讨长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物的磁性特征,为研究长江水沙环境积累基础资料.研究结果表明,长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物中,磁性矿物类别均以磁铁矿为主,晶粒均以假单畴-多畴为主.与干流相比,支流沉积物中不完整反铁磁性物质含量较多,晶粒较细,Χ值仅是干流的1/10.随着支流泥沙的汇入,入江口以下江段沉积物的磁性特征相应发生变化.支流泥沙物源贡献的研究是探讨长江中下游干流沉积物环境特征的主要因子.     

治理黄河泥沙的新途径——小北干流放淤

介绍了黄河泥沙的主要来源及危害,提出了治理黄河泥沙的新举措——小北干流放淤,分析了小北干流放淤的客观性和必要性,指出了小北干流放淤对黄河治理的长远影响。     

江苏沿海沙脊群表层沉积物Pb同位素特征及对物源的指示

为进一步查明江苏沿海沙脊群沉积物的来源,分析了该区域沉积物酸不溶组分Pb同位素特征。结果表明,远岸沙脊群陆向区域沉积物Pb同位素比值与近岸沙脊群相似,暗示其在潮波作用下有向岸运移的趋势。铅-钕同位素分析揭示长江及周边河流沉积物在长江冲淡水和东海沿岸流作用下输移至远岸沙脊群海向区域。在苏北沿岸流作用下,老黄河三角洲沉积物输入对近岸沙脊群及远岸沙脊群陆向区域有影响;相反,诸如现代黄河口、济州岛和韩国河流等地沉积物输入对江苏沿海沙脊群的影响较弱。     

Analysis on river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yantze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River. Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) Biography: ZHONG Xiang-hao (1942-), male, researcher, research direction: mountain environment and ecology.     

Sources and transportation of suspended matter and sediment in the southern Yellow Sea: Evidence from stable carbon isotopes

The concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM) and the compositions of organic stable carbon iso- topes of TSM and bottom sediments were analyzed to study the sources of TSM and sediments and the transportation processes. For this study, 284 TSM samples and 64 sediment ones taken from 67 stations along 7 transects and in 5 layers were collected in the southern Yellow Sea on the cruise in May, 1998. The main sediment transportation pattern in the southern Yellow Sea was obtained by analyzing the distribu- tion characteristics of TSM concentration and particulate organic carbon δ~(13)C values. It was confirmed from the pat- tern that the bottom layer plays a more important role than the surface one in the transportation processes of terrigenous material to the central deep-water area of the southern Yel- low Sea. The Yellow Sea circulation is an important control factor in determining the sediment transportation pattern in the southern Yellow Sea, The carbon isotope signals of sedi- mentary organic matter confirmed that the main material in sediments with high sedimentation rate in the Shandong subaqueous delta originated from the modern Yellow River. The terrigenous sediments in the deep-water area of the southern Yellow Sea are mainly from the abandoned Yellow River and the modern Yellow River, and a small portion of them are from the modern Yangtze material. The amount of terrigenous material from Korean Peninsula and its influen- ce range are relatively limited. The conclusions derived from TSM and stable carbon isotopes were further confirmed by another independent material source tracer-PAHs.     

Magnetism parameters characteristics of drilling deposits in Jianghan Plain and indication for forming of the Yangtze River Three Gorges

The forming time of the Yangtze River Three Gorges is considered as one of keys in the research on the Yangtze River, also is one of the most disputed hotspots. In order to solve the difficult problem, the authors adopt the internationally recognized thoughts and methods of substance tracing from source to sink. The lithologic characteristics, magnetic parameters and magnetic mineral characteristics of deposits in 2 bores are analyzed, which are both sampled from the sedimentary center of the Jianghan Plain. The results are as follows： At about 110 m depth of the core, the contents of coarse materials and stable magnetic mineral both increase significantly. Meanwhile, the magnetic susceptibility of sediment, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility values of anhysteretic remanent magnetism increase suddenly, which all reflect that at about 110 m depth, the important adjustment has appeared in water system of the Jianghan Plain, and the sedimentary environment and material composition have changed greatly. And it may be the horizon where the Yangtze River Three Gorges formed, its forming time reflected by the paleomagnetic dating is between 1.17 and 1.12Ma B.P.     

黄河沉积物对磷酸盐吸附的固体浓度效应研究

研究黄河沉积物对磷的吸附特征.用修改的Langmuir吸附模型将黄河沉积物对P的吸附数据进行有效拟合,通过吸附实验和模型计算得到描述黄河天然沉积物对P吸附特性的参数值.研究结果表明:黄河沉积物有向上覆水释放磷的倾向;沉积物对磷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度(Cs)效应,吸附滞后角随着Cs的增加而增大,在解吸过程中表现出一定的滞后性,即不可逆性.