讨论方式对目击证人记忆的影响

以54名大学生为被试,采用模拟事件范式,创设共同目击者讨论、问题讨论和无讨论3种讨论方式,探讨讨论方式对目击证人自由回忆不同类型案件信息的效果、信心及其确信度的影响.研究显示:相比细节信息,被试对动作信息的回忆正确率、信心更高,校准和信心准确率得分更低;相比问题讨论组和无讨论组,共同目击者讨论组被试回忆的信息总数和正确数更高.表明目击证人对动作信息的记忆和确信度好于对细节信息的记忆,对细节信息的记忆过于自信;共同目击者讨论仅增加了自由回忆的信息量,并没有提高自由回忆效果.     

误导信息效应研究综述

误导信息效应是一种基于事件的错误记忆,它是指接触误导性信息后,对过去经验和事件的记忆与事实发生偏离的心理现象。本文主要对误导信息效应的理论框架和研究方法作出初步的总结,以期为后来的研究提供相关参考。     

自传体记忆中时间标记研究述评

阐释了自传体记忆中与时间标记有关的几个概念 ;简要总结了 3种作为时间标记的事件 ;对时间标记在自传体记忆中贮存和编码的证据作了分析 ;并讨论了时间标记对确定日期的影响 ;最后指出了以往研究中的不足及未来的研究方向     

藏药复方珍珠丸对记忆获得障碍动物模型的智力影响

目的研究珍珠丸改善记忆获得障碍动物模型的智力影响. 方法采用腹腔注射东莨菪碱法制作记忆获得障碍动物模型, 检测珍珠丸对记忆获得障碍动物模型的逃避潜伏期、错误次数影响. 结果珍珠丸可以提高记忆获得障碍动物模型逃避潜伏期、降低其错误次数. 结论珍珠丸可以改善记忆获得障碍动物模型的智力.     

藏药复方珍珠丸对记忆再现缺失动物模型的智力影响

目的研究珍珠丸改善记忆再现缺失动物模型的智力影响．方法采用灌胃酒精法制作记忆再现缺失动物模型，检测珍珠丸对记忆再现缺失动物模型的逃避潜伏期、错误次数影响．结果珍殊丸可以提高记忆再现缺失动物模型逃避潜伏期、降低其错误次数．结论珍珠丸可以改善记忆再现缺失动物模型的智力．     

基于脑电信号分析的正确记忆与错误记忆的差异性

旨在探索工作记忆中正确记忆与错误记忆的差异性,更好的区分正确记忆与错误记忆。本文设计了基于DRM范式的改进的脑电实验,采集被试的脑电数据,探究正确记忆与错误记忆的差异性。采用时频域分析的方法分别对δ、θ、α、β、γ波进行了差异分析,对具有显著差异的频段采用皮尔逊相关方法分别构建脑功能网络,并对脑网络特征属性进行了对比分析。结果显示,大脑前顶区错误记忆θ、α2波能量谱密度显著大于正确记忆(P<0.05)。对脑网络的分析结果显示,大脑前后额区、后顶区θ、α2波脑功能网络连接正确记忆显著多于错误记忆;正确记忆θ、α2波节点度均显著高于错误记忆,α2波聚类系数正确记忆显著高于错误记忆;正确记忆与错误记忆θ、α2波介数中心度均无显著差别。结果表明,正确记忆任务θ、α2波大脑功能连接通路较错误记忆任务更多。正确记忆平均反应时长是961.56ms;错误记忆平均反应时长是1097.99ms。结果表明,与正确记忆相比,错误记忆反应时长明显长于正确记忆。研究结果表明,大脑前顶区正确记忆与错误记忆脑波活动能量差异表现最明显,差异波中错误记忆大脑活跃度均显著高于正确记忆;大脑后额区θ、α2波脑网络连接程度及节点度差异最明显,正确记忆均显著大于错误记忆,可能同存在后额-前顶记忆机制,使得正确记忆与错误记忆存在明显差异。     

波兰十月事件中的插曲 驻波兰使馆和记者的一场笔墨官司

正毋庸置疑,使馆和记者都是波兰十月事件的目击者,但他们对十月事件的性质和波兰前途的看法,却截然不同、针锋相对。他们的看法分歧由小到大,唱了一场对台戏。1956年10月,波兰统一工人党中央政治局决定召开八中全会,改选中央第一书记,改组中央政治局和书记处。戴着所谓的"右倾民族主义错误"大帽子的前波党总书记哥穆尔     

为何要研究虚假记忆?

正人类的记忆并非如照相机那般,能够真实记录下我们所经历的点点滴滴,并像照片一样保存下来,永远不会褪色。人类的记忆是不完美的,它不仅包含真实记忆(即对过去感知信息和事件的准确再现),也包括虚假记忆(即对从未体验的事件产生生动并带有细节内容的回忆,或混淆目标事件和它发生前后的诸多事件)。虚假记忆给人类社会带来了诸多的困惑和挑战,也为我们     

依恋与对情绪事件的记忆

依恋理论不仅提供了一个理解母子关系的情绪联结的基本框架,也为理解情绪和依恋的内在表征之间的关系提供了一个信息加工的研究思路。从依恋理论中的内部活动模型的概念出发,介绍了内部活动模型的几种理论观点,并对依恋类型与对情绪事件记忆的研究进行了回顾和评述。这些研究包括使用实验室制作的材料,自传体记忆,和情绪启动的方法,结果表明,依恋的类型与情绪事件的记忆存在一定的相关,但儿童依恋与对情绪事件的记忆的影响可能和成人依恋的影响不同。     

记忆并不可靠

一些科学家有趣的实验表明，人的记忆是脆弱的且很容易被误导，我们所坚持了多年的一些记忆也许掺杂了很多莫须有的想象成分。对错误记忆的研究也许有助于我们最终揭开记忆之谜。     

The adaptive characteristics of memory: A perspective from the life-span development of associative memory illusion

The reconstructive process in memory may cause distortions or errors.Associative memory illusion is one of the most common types of false memories.It acts as a reflection of the adaptive characteristic of memory by suggesting its ability to adaptively use semantic gist information even with limited cognitive resources.Meanwhile, the adaptive characteristic of memory is also manifested by inhibiting false memories with certain strategies (e.g., encoding item-specific information) to ensure memory accuracy ac...     

What can false memory tell us about memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease?

The range of memory impairments associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a focus for psychological and clinical re-searchers for many years. In addition to investigations of AD patients’ veridical memory using traditional recognition memory tasks, a number of recent studies have focused on false memories to reveal the underlying causes of memory impairment in AD. Studies comparing illusory memories between AD patients and healthy older people have revealed various differences in memory deficits between the development of AD and the typical aging processes. Here, we review 3 types of memory illusions tested in AD patients: associative memory illusions, fluency-based false memories and source memory errors. By comparing AD patients with healthy older adults, we sought to analyze the mechanisms underlying AD-related memory impairments at different stages of memory processing, including encoding, retrieval and monitoring. This comparison revealed that AD patients exhibit an impaired ability to establish and utilize gist representations at the encoding stage and impairments in processing on the basis of familiarity and recollection at the retrieval stage. Consequently, patients with AD have access to less information when making memory judgments. As a result, they become more susceptible to the effects of item fluency, which can be manipulated during the retrieval stage. Furthermore, with impaired source memory monitoring abilities, the capacity of AD patients to suppress memory illusions is compromised. Based on these findings, we propose that the study of false memories constitute a critical tool for elucidating the memory impairments involved in AD. Further explorations of these memory impairments will have practical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of AD in the future.     

Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control

Freud proposed that unwanted memories can be forgotten by pushing them into the unconscious, a process called repression. The existence of repression has remained controversial for more than a century, in part because of its strong coupling with trauma, and the ethical and practical difficulties of studying such processes in controlled experiments. However, behavioural and neurobiological research on memory and attention shows that people have executive control processes directed at minimizing perceptual distraction, overcoming interference during short and long-term memory tasks and stopping strong habitual responses to stimuli. Here we show that these mechanisms can be recruited to prevent unwanted declarative memories from entering awareness, and that this cognitive act has enduring consequences for the rejected memories. When people encounter cues that remind them of an unwanted memory and they consistently try to prevent awareness of it, the later recall of the rejected memory becomes more difficult. The forgetting increases with the number of times the memory is avoided, resists incentives for accurate recall and is caused by processes that suppress the memory itself. These results show that executive control processes not uniquely tied to trauma may provide a viable model for repression.     

乘除形态学联想记忆及其性能分析

形态学联想记忆是一类新颖的人工神经网络,但是它的异联想记忆效果较差.针对这个问题,基于互补的思想,提出一种形态学联想记忆方法,称为乘除形态学联想记忆.文中分析了乘除形态学联想记忆方法完全回忆记忆的条件及其噪声性质.分析和实验表明,这种方法对异联想效果显著,并具有一定的抗噪声鲁棒性,在一些情况下,能够取得更好的异联想效果.     

Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling

Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system are often associated with impaired learning and memory, eventually leading to dementia. An important aspect in pre-clinical research is the exploration of strategies to re-establish learning ability and access to long-term memories. By using a mouse model that allows temporally and spatially restricted induction of neuronal loss, we show here that environmental enrichment reinstated learning behaviour and re-established access to long-term memories after significant brain atrophy and neuronal loss had already occurred. Environmental enrichment correlated with chromatin modifications (increased histone-tail acetylation). Moreover, increased histone acetylation by inhibitors of histone deacetylases induced sprouting of dendrites, an increased number of synapses, and reinstated learning behaviour and access to long-term memories. These data suggest that inhibition of histone deacetylases might be a suitable therapeutic avenue for neurodegenerative diseases associated with learning and memory impairment, and raises the possibility of recovery of long-term memories in patients with dementia.     

Advancements in organic nonvolatile memory devices

As one of the most promising candidates for next generation storage media, organic memory devices have aroused worldwide research interest in both academia and industry. In recent years, organic memories have experienced rapid progress. We review the development of organic resistive switching memories in terms of structure, characteristics, materials used, and integration. Some basic concepts are discussed, as well as the obstacles hindering the development and possible commercialization of organic memory d...     

小学生汉字错误记忆的音、形研究

采取DRM范式,要求被试分别对字音相同或相近的汉字和字形相近的汉字作是否出现过的判断。研究单个汉字的语音关联、字形关联对小学生错误记忆的影响。实验一发现,被试对关键诱饵字产生了明显的错误再认,字音相同或相近能够引发小学生对汉字的明显的错误记忆现象。实验二发现,被试对关键诱饵字也产生了明显的错误再认,字形相近能够引发小学生对汉字的明显的错误记忆现象。     

What are the memory sources of dreaming?

Investigators since Freud have appreciated that memories of the people, places, activities and emotions of daily life are reflected in dreams but are typically so fragmented that their predictability is nil. The mechanisms that translate such memories into dream images remain largely unknown. New research targeting relationships between dreaming, memory and the hippocampus is producing a new theory to explain how, why and when we dream of waking life events.     

Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval

'New' memories are initially labile and sensitive to disruption before being consolidated into stable long-term memories. Much evidence indicates that this consolidation involves the synthesis of new proteins in neurons. The lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala (LBA) are believed to be a site of memory storage in fear learning. Infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the LBA shortly after training prevents consolidation of fear memories. Here we show that consolidated fear memories, when reactivated during retrieval, return to a labile state in which infusion of anisomycin shortly after memory reactivation produces amnesia on later tests, regardless of whether reactivation was performed 1 or 14 days after conditioning. The same treatment with anisomycin, in the absence of memory reactivation, left memory intact. Consistent with a time-limited role for protein synthesis production in consolidation, delay of the infusion until six hours after memory reactivation produced no amnesia. Our data show that consolidated fear memories, when reactivated, return to a labile state that requires de novo protein synthesis for reconsolidation. These findings are not predicted by traditional theories of memory consolidation.