自由生活线虫的研究进展

近年来自由生活线虫作为生物学研究的模式动物日益受到重视,尤其是新新华美小杆线虫因其易保存、生活周期短、基因组小等原因被广泛应用于生物学研究的各个领域.本文就新华美小杆线虫在发育生物学、基因和分子生物学方面与其它后生物的相似性和同源性以及转基因线虫在毒力学方面的应用进行综述,旨在表明新华美小杆线虫将成为理想的模式动物为生命科学研究开辟一个广阔的前景.     

中华卵索线虫生殖系统发育过程中形态和主要化学物质含量的变化

采用石蜡切片的方法,观察中华卵索线虫寄生期幼线虫、寄生后期幼线虫、成虫期（蜕皮后和交配后）成虫3个时期生殖系统发育的形态特征,并测定其主要化学物质含量的变化．寄生期幼线虫体内滋养物体发育明显,而生殖系统发育不明显;寄生后期幼线虫进行最后一次蜕皮变为成虫、雌雄成虫交配并产卵,在这一过程中线虫的主要生理活动是将滋养物体中贮存的营养用于生殖系统及卵的发育,因此生殖系统发育明显,而滋养物体逐渐被消耗．生殖系统发育不同时期,雌雄虫糖以及脂肪酸的相对含量均显示出显著差异;含水量和含糖量在寄生后期略有下降后明显上升,而蛋白质和脂肪酸相对含量变化不明显．     

莲潜根线虫田间消长动态研究

从2001～2002年进行定田、定期系统调查,并采莲根样回室内分离,检查线虫的数量,统计其各龄虫数。田间消长动态表明莲潜根线虫田间发育每代约1～2个月。     

台湾海峡鱼类寄生针晶蛔和对盲囊线虫幼虫的动态

以蓝圆鱼参 Decapterusm aruadsi为宿主,对台湾海峡鱼类寄生线虫幼虫中两个优势种平均感染强度与蓝圆鱼参叉尾长及体重间的关系、线虫幼虫的感染强度、雌雄性比及幼虫性腺发育的月变化动态进行了观察.初步探讨环境温度和宿主生物学特性等与线虫幼虫动态间的关系.     

不同品系大肠杆菌营养成分分析及其对线虫发育的影响

大肠杆菌在生物学领域的研究中,可作为食物维持秀丽隐杆线虫的生长发育;但是,不同大肠杆菌营养成分的差异,以及对线虫发育等的影响还不明确.文章对实验室可用作线虫食物的4种大肠杆菌品系OP50、MG1655、HT115、HB101进行能量营养成分分析,并且研究了4种大肠杆菌对线虫的进食速率、发育速率、寿命、生殖能力的影响.结...     

南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫的发育

为了比较根结线虫的发育,纯种的南方根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅ ｉｎｃｏｇｎｉｔａ）和爪哇根结线虫（Ｍ．ｊａｖａｎｉｃａ）用接种一解剖等方法进行研究。结果其新鲜卵块中的卵多集中在第２～６天的时间段内孵出,滞育率均低于１．０％,分别有６．８％和１０．６％在孵化过程中死亡。２８℃时其胚胎发育时间分别为８．５～９．５ｄ（９．２ｄ）和９．０～１０．０ｄ（９．６ｄ）。初侵入根内的根结线虫幼虫有重新侵入的     

莲潜根线虫田间消长动态研究

从2001—2002年进行定田、定期系统调查，并采莲根样回室内分离，检查线虫的数量，统计其各龄虫数．田间消长动态表明莲潜根线虫田间发育每代约1—2个月．     

拟松材线虫个体发育研究

【目的】探索拟松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)的繁殖能力,并对其胚胎发育过程中经历的重要阶段和卵的形态变化进行研究,了解胚胎发育和完成整个生活史所需时间,为进一步研究其生长发育并进行有效防控提供参考。【方法】分别挑取3组180条拟松材线虫雌成虫,观察记录雌虫在25 ℃条件下的产卵情况,每隔2 h统计每组线虫的累积产卵量,直至卵的数量基本不再增加。挑取尚未产卵的拟松材线虫雌虫于载玻片上,待其产卵后,将卵置于蔡司体视显微镜下观察。连续观察胚胎的发育过程并使用照片记录不同发育阶段胚胎的形态变化,记录卵发育至不同阶段所需时间。挑取约200个刚产下的拟松材线虫卵,在25 ℃条件下发育24 h后每隔4 h统计其总孵化率,直至孵化数不再增加,设置3组重复。将刚孵化的2龄幼虫接种于灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)上,分为3组,每组设置3个重复,分别在接种1、2、3 d后使用贝尔曼漏斗法收集线虫,计算混合龄线虫中每龄期线虫所占比例,计算拟松材线虫胚后发育及完成整个生活史所需时间。【结果】① 在拟松材线虫产卵能力方面,0~10 h拟松材线虫产卵总量增长较快,16 h后产卵量逐渐趋于稳定,28 h内雌虫平均累积产卵12粒/条。② 拟松材线虫的胚胎发育过程主要经历以下几个关键阶段:单胞期、双胞期、3胞期、4胞期、5胞期、8胞期、16胞期、囊胚期、利马豆期、蝌蚪期、蠕虫期、1龄幼虫(J1),至孵化为2龄幼虫(J2)时结束。③ 在胚胎发育前期,第1次卵裂发生的位置存在两种情况,即卵的1/2和1/3处。双胞发育至5胞时也存在两种不同的发育方式,一种是双胞不移动直接分裂成3胞并列排列,另外一种是细胞进行移动,3胞呈三角形排列。通过观察30个卵的第1次卵裂和100个卵双胞的发育过程发现,这些不同的发育方式均是普遍存在的。④ 在25 ℃条件下,拟松材线虫卵的累积孵化率随时间增加而增加,在32 h时达到最高(93.31%),随后逐渐趋于稳定。⑤ 在25 ℃条件下记录了拟松材线虫卵从单胞发育至各个阶段的时间,完成整个胚胎发育过程需要约28 h。2龄幼虫接种于灰葡萄孢3 d后即可获得新的2龄幼虫,因此拟松材线虫完成整个生活史只需要3 d。【结论】对拟松材线虫卵从单胞阶段直至孵化的整个胚胎发育过程进行观察发现,拟松材线虫完成胚胎发育大约需要28 h,完成整个生活史需要3 d。对拟松材线虫产卵能力和卵的孵化率进行统计,收集拟松材线虫卵和2龄幼虫的最佳时间分别为16 h和36 h。拟松材线虫胚胎发育前期,在第1次卵裂期以及由双胞期发育至5胞期的两个过程中均存在两种与同属线虫不同的发育方式。这种现象还有待进一步研究。     

鲜为人知的土壤线虫

线虫（Nematodes）是一类较低等的动物,属于无脊椎动物中的线虫动物门,雌雄同体或雌雄异体。据估计,全世界有超过50万种线虫,主要包括寄生性线虫和非寄生性线虫两大类,其中的非寄生性线虫约占总数的52％～65％。到上世纪90年代为止。科学报道过的线虫大约有2万种,其中约2千种为植物寄生性线虫,广泛寄生于植物的根、茎、...     

无菌培养条件下有机碳含量对玉米切根上刺线虫生活史的影响

在不同蔗糖浓度下培养的玉米(ZeamaysL.)切根上,观察了玉米次生根根尖中不同的碳水化合物水平对刺线虫(Belonolaimuslongicaudatus)生活史的影响.结果表明刺线虫完成生活史所需的最短时间似乎没有明显受到不同有机碳含量水平的影响.碳水化合物缺乏时,明显降低刺线虫的存活率和成虫的比率.在实验结束时,碳水化合物浓度在12g/L以上的线虫在36～39d的时间内完成生活史,线虫存活率几乎要比在4g/L处理下的高出2～3倍.同时,碳水化合物充足条件下的刺线虫性分化的J4,成熟前期和成虫数量要比在最低处理浓度下的高出3倍.在碳水化合物8g/L之下时,未见雌虫产卵.该研究结果表明玉米根组织中碳水化合物含量处于低水平时,刺线虫发育速率较慢、线虫存活率低和成虫所占的比例也低.基于观察到的上述结果,推测植物根尖组织中碳水化合物的含量是限制刺线虫发育和种群数量的因子之一.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to