两相流稀相微粒速度场测量技术研究

通过引入粒子计数法，对基于二进制图像分析算法(BICC)的粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)的粒子图像跟踪技术进行了改进。数值模拟了3个典型的两相流稀相微粒流场，即等线速度旋转流场、旋涡流场和两个相向运动的射流汇合流场，并把改进后的微粒跟踪技术用于模拟流场中粒子对的识别研究。结果表明：改进后的方法能很好地识别与跟踪粒子对，计算速度快，准确率高达97％，适用于两相流稀相微粒速度场的测量；随着粒子对数目的增大，相关系数降低；随着粒子半径的减小，相关系数分布渐趋陡峭；最佳粒子对数目为8～12，最佳粒子图像半径为3～8像素。     

盐析液固两相流场的PIV测量方法

利用粒子图像速度场仪(particle image velocimetry,以下简称PIV)测量离心泵叶轮内部伴有盐析的液固两相流场.用图像采集卡将CCD相机拍摄的流动图像实时地传输并存储到计算机中,采用自行开发的液固两相流图像处理及分析软件,先把粒子从背景中分离出来,然后通过算法,根据粒径的大小分离出固相和液相两相流的粒子.经过实际测量研究表明,该方法对硬件的依赖小,测量成本低,是一种测量输送含有盐析晶体的液固两相流动的有效方法.     

管道风流PIV实验中示踪粒子特性

为选择适合巷道风流PIV实验的示踪粒子,以6种不同物理属性的固体微粒为实验粒子,利用PIV系统采集管道突扩模型下隅角附近的粒子图像.用粒子图像的曝光度、信噪比及处理后得到的矢量、流线图来反映粒子的光学和动力学特性.研究结果表明:粒径是影响示踪粒子跟随性、散射性、均匀性和信噪比的主导因素;粒径越小,粒子跟随效果越好而散射性和信噪比越差;当测试区域较大时,示踪粒子适宜的粒径范围为0.2~2μm,可选择光扩散剂或二氧化硅;当对流场细节要求较高时,可选择粒径0.2μm以下的祭祀燃香烟雾粒子.     

风沙流中气固两相速度场的PIV-PLIF测量

结合粒子图像测速技术与平面激光诱导荧光法,对风沙流中气固两相的速度场同时进行了测量.实验采用罗丹明B溶液作荧光剂,通过超声雾化方式产生平均直径为2 μm的气相荧光示踪粒子.使用两组滤镜分别过滤荧光(橙色)与激光(绿色),通过两个CCD相机分别获得气固两相示踪粒子图像对.采用互相关算法及相应的图像处理方法进行后处理,从而获得两相的速度场.结果显示:风沙流两相的速度廓线在上部均满足对数分布;随着高度的降低,在床面附近风速梯度单调递减,风速廓线下凹,而沙粒与风场不断交换动量,相应地沙粒相速度廓线也会出现向下的偏离;6组沙样的速度廓线发生偏离的高度基本一致;沙粒粒径不仅影响沙粒本身的运动速度,同时对气相风场也有一定的影响.     

操作参数对催化裂解旋流反应器流动梯度场的影响

为揭示旋流反应器内生物质热解气与催化剂的混合流动状态,加速生物质热解气的催化裂解,利用本实验室自制的生物质催化裂解旋流反应器,采用k-ε模型与Eulerian双流体模型进行模拟分析,研究了入口气速和催化剂粒径对反应器内的固相体积分数、压力、速度的影响规律,并进行了实验验证。结果表明:速度变量下,轴向气相速度的改变对于反应器内的体积分数分布影响较小,而切向气相速度的影响较大。接触主反应区内,催化剂粒径为10μm左右时,混合程度最优;在反应分离耦合区内,颗粒粒径改变对分离效果无显著影响。4种催化剂粒径工况下,粒径10μm状态更有利于气固两相的分离;入口速度改变时,较大的切向入口速度可导致气体流量增大,有利于反应器内的气固流动,提升气固分离效果。     

颗粒在气固两相圆湍射流近场截面对气相的影响

为探讨气固两相射流中不同粒径颗粒对气相的作用,用激光粒子动态分析仪(PDA)测量气固两相圆湍射流中X/D=5截面上的气相流动参数,并与相同出口速度的单相射流做比较。喷口直径为20mm,气相出口Re=13600。采用了从50μm到300μm之间6种不同平均粒径的玻璃微珠作为颗粒相。结果表明:粒径较小的粒子对气相轴向时均速度沿径向衰减的延迟作用较强,对气相轴向和径向湍流度的削弱幅度较大。粒径较大的粒子能增强轴心附近气相轴向湍流度。     

3D3C尾流场PIV测量重构和空间分布研究

以一艘缩尺比为1/45的具缓和U型尾部载重7.6×10~4t的巴拿马散货船模型为研究对象,应用随车式水下二维三速度分量体式粒子图像测速(2D3CSPIV)系统进行了三维空间尾流场试验测量与机理研究.通过多个二维(2D)切面扫掠式粒子图像测速(PIV)系统获取了多个切面的二维三速度分量(2D3C)流场数据,应用多个切面的流场数据进行了三维三速度分量(3D3C)尾流场的空间重构,重构后的体空间测量区域为长×宽×高=300m×320mm×280 mm的长方体区域.基于重构后的空间尾流进行了详细的无量纲轴向和无量纲平面速度的空间分布特性分析,之后对尾流场旋涡结构和流线的空间分布进行了分析.测量得到的3D3C尾流场数据可以为更好地理解船体尾部漩涡和湍流结构提供依据,为螺旋桨和船后水动力附体的适应伴流设计提供数据支撑.     

风沙流中沙粒相输移的测量

在风洞内对风沙流中运动沙粒进行了粒子图像速度场（PIV）测量，通过调整进光量和降噪处理得到了满意的PIV图像与沙粒相的速度场．结果表明颗粒在空中的运动受到球形度、风速的影响：在1m／s来流风速下，在固定点处50～63μm沉降沙粒的垂向速度随时间的变化出现双峰性，其时均值抹平了瞬时速度的波动；随着风速的增大，沙粒受气流脉动作用的影响越发显著，当来流风速增大到3．5m／s时，观察域内的63～80μm沙粒处于悬移状态；当来流风速为5m／s时，整个测量流场内沙粒的垂向速度的平均值为正值，方向向上．采用图像处理的数字掩码技术，处理图像得到了沙粒在流场中的面密度以及单宽输沙率．分析指出实验的误差主要是由沙粒的粒径尺寸和沙粒图像形心位置的不确定性所造成，且提出减小误差的措施．     

水平携带床的粒子图像测试技术测试方案

介绍了粒子图像测试技术(PIV)原理,分类,设备组成,以及利用PIV分析气固两相流的研究现状;为了研究生物质颗粒在等离子体快速热解液化设备的水平携带床中的运动,根据PIV分析对光路的要求,设计制造了一套透明的冷态模拟装置,提出了相应的PIV测试方案;并从生物质颗粒粒径大小,拍摄区浓度,拍摄间隔时间,光的折射等几个方面进行分析,最后得出结论：利用该套PIV测试方案研究水平携带床内生物质颗粒的运动有着广阔的前景。     

油烟净化两相流流体力学特性实验研究探讨

基于激光多普勒测速仪 (LDA)和粒子图像测速仪 (PIV)进行饮食业油烟净化两相流流体力学特性的实验研究的意义和可行性进行了探讨 ,并提出了研究的方法和技术路线     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-