加载条件下微裂纹动力学行为的多尺度方法模拟

利用多尺度方法研究包含微裂纹金属材料在加载条件下的动力学行为.多尺度方法结合了分子动力学和自适应有限元方法.分子动力学方法用于局部缺陷区域,有限元方法用于整个模型区域,两种方法之间用桥尺度函数进行连接.计算结果既包括了系统宏观的物理信息(应变场、应力场等),也包括了微观原子的物理信息(原子位置坐标等).模拟结果发现,在裂尖的传播过程中将发射位错,同时,拉伸应力和应变将主要集中在裂纹的两端.正是由于应力的集中导致了裂纹的进一步加速传播,最后形成宏观的断裂效应.     

棒料塑性剪切过程中裂纹的形成及扩展行为

通过轴向压力作用下棒料塑性切口工试验，获取了剪切分离面上断裂区形态，结果表明：断裂区呈对称月牙状，断裂面积比率随轴向压力的增大而减小。结合理论分析，提示了剪切过程中裂纹首先产生于棒料上活动剪刃与固定剪刃交叉的两水平端点，并沿活动剪刃和固定剪刃刃口迹线扩展。裂纹为Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的混合型，其中Ⅲ型裂纹扩展速度对于断裂区形态起着决定作用。     

基于键型近场动力学的含裂纹板损伤模拟

针对含圆切口板和含穿透裂纹板结构,采用传统有限元法分析裂纹尖端区域的应力场分布,采用键型近场动力学方法模拟分析在承受拉伸、剪切速度边界条件下板内张开型裂纹和滑开型裂纹的形成与扩展。研究结果表明,近场动力学数值模拟的裂纹在有限元分析所得的应力集中区域生成,并且在两种结构状态不同边界条件下都能捕捉到板内裂纹复杂的发展过程,而且在模拟过程中裂纹自然扩展,能准确反映宏观材料渐进破坏过程中的细微观结构变化过程。     

管道钢微观变形失效机理的分子动力学研究

本文通过Fe-Fe3C相图得到20#钢中铁素体(碳溶于α-Fe的间隙固溶体)和渗碳体(铁和碳形成的间隙化合物,即:Fe3C)的微观组织结构,利用Material Studio软件建立α-Fe/Fe3C原子尺度的微观模型.利用Lammps软件对主裂纹附近存在微裂纹和微孔洞两种典型缺陷的20#钢模型进行了分子动力学模拟.在正则系综(NVT)条件下,研究了微观裂纹和孔洞对材料力学性能的影响.研究结果显示,裂纹的扩展是原子间化学键断裂、裂纹尖端不断发射位错导致的;当裂纹到达α-Fe/Fe3C的界面后便止裂,裂尖逐渐钝化,裂纹尖端不断向渗碳体(Fe3C)发射位错,渗碳体(Fe3C)中的原子失去了原来的排列特征,局部留下了难以恢复的空位,偏向于裂尖钝化和沿滑移面剪切断裂机制.本文提供的研究方法和结论对揭示20#钢的微观变形与失效机理具有重要的参考价值.为进一步研究腐蚀条件下20#钢的失效机理打下了基础.     

应用细观力学与扩展有限元法数值模拟钻柱损伤

钻井过程中,钻柱承受着拉扭等多种交变载荷的作用,其损伤机理一直是力学界深入研究的课题.笔者首先根据细观力学分析的基本原理,采用Abaqus软件的脚本语言Python建立细观尺度下晶粒分布模型,然后采用断裂力学算法——扩展有限元法对含有微裂纹的细观尺度下晶粒模型进行计算,分析裂纹的动态扩展过程以及相应的应力应变分布特征,最后根据细观力学中“均匀化”方法对不同时刻的应力应变进行处理,得到微裂纹扩展对钻杆材料宏观性能的影响.在宏观尺度下处于弹性阶段的钻杆材料,在细观尺度下仍会出现塑性区,且在微裂纹不扩展的情况下,弹性模量是恒定的.文章提出的思路为深入探索钻柱材料断裂机理提供了新的方法.     

自由面压力作用下横观各向同性地基多裂纹分析

针对自由面均布压力作用下横观各向同性地基中的水平矩形裂纹问题,发展了基于横观各向同性双材料基本解的一种数值方法,该方法不需要离散自由面边界。采用基于横观各向同性双材料基本解的弹性场数值方法获得表面外部圆形荷载作用下地基内的附加应力场,应用断裂力学应力场叠加原理,得到裂纹面上的面力,进而采用横观各向同性双材料对偶边界元方法得到相应的裂纹面间断位移和裂尖应力强度因子。计算结果表明:自由面均布压力作用下横观各向同性地基中的水平矩形裂纹为Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的混合裂纹。对于处在不同大小附加应力场位置的两条水平矩形裂纹,其裂纹间的相互作用除与两裂纹间距离有关外,还与裂纹位置处附加应力场大小有关,其相互作用对处在附加应力较大位置裂纹的裂尖应力强度因子的影响更大。     

岩石Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的一般规律

对大理岩Ⅱ型裂纹的扩展规律进行了实验研究，认为岩石Ⅱ型裂纹的扩展具有机理完全不同的Ⅰ型、Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型及Ⅱ型３种断裂形式，因而有３个不同的剪切断裂韧性及在纯剪断裂条件下，由此认为剪切裂纹的扩展应有３个不同的判据。     

平面应力条件下共线双裂纹的拉伸特性

为探寻共面双线断续节理岩体平面应力条件下的拉伸特性,从远场应力角度出发,基于Fazil Erdogan(1962)在任意荷载条件下共线双裂纹的应力场分布思想,采用G.C.Sih(1972)提出的最小应变能密度因子判据(S判据),建立了远场应力与裂纹尖端附近应力场的对应关系,证明共线双裂纹在拉应力作用下自相似扩展;裂纹外侧与内侧的应力场分布形式相同,但数值偏小,且内侧裂纹先于外侧裂纹扩展;在材料性质、裂纹间距及长度已知的情况下,可反推材料破坏时的极限外力大小。     

有限平面应变Ⅱ型裂纹尖端幂律塑性应力场全解

针对幂律材料、有限平面应变紧凑拉伸剪切(Compact Tension and Shear, CTS)试样,基于能量密度等效方法可得到CTS试样能量密度中值点的代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Element, RVE)的等效应力解析解,以该应力解作为特征应力因子,采用表征CTS试样Ⅱ型裂纹尖端应力场的三角特殊函数,提出了描述有限平面应变幂律塑性Ⅱ型裂纹尖端应力场的半解析模型以及用于描述Ⅱ型裂纹尖端扇贝轮廓式等应力线的理论解.本文Ⅱ型裂纹裂尖场模型对平面应变CTS试样裂尖应力场的预测结果与有限元分析结果密切吻合, Ⅱ型裂纹裂尖幂律塑性应力场模型完善了弹塑性断裂力学,并对剪切型断裂安全评价有重要工程意义.     

弹塑性材料中裂纹的仿真研究

针对含裂纹的弹塑性材料结构,根据弹塑性断裂理论分析了裂纹增长的条件.建立了基于裂纹尖端存在塑性区的计算模型,得到了描述含裂纹弹塑性材料在外荷载作用下的塑性区尺寸及塑性区前端裂纹张开位移的解析解.按照所建立的计算模型对不同的裂纹长度、不同的外荷载对塑性区尺寸及张开位移的影响进行探讨.并给出了材料在外荷载作用下破坏的临界应力强度因子曲线.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-