青海乌丽地区天然气水合物形成条件研究

天然气水合物属于非常规能源,青藏高原陆域冻土区具有较大的资源前景。通过科研钻施工、岩芯样品观察与测试分析等手段,结合区域地质调查和对周边多口钻孔资料综合分析,认为乌丽地区上二叠统那益雄组地层温度较低且压力较高,气源充足,水源丰富;大量发育的裂隙和溶蚀孔洞是良好的运移通道及储集空间,上部发育多套的致密安山岩及顶部冻土带的封盖性能也较好。综合天然气水合物形成的基本地质要素和地质作用分析,认为乌丽地区浅部具备天然气水合物的形成条件。     

青海哈拉湖地区天然气水合物成藏潜力分析

青海南祁连盆地哈拉湖地区为我国青藏高原冻土带天然气水合物研究地区之一.研究区冻土层较发育,但发育程度不均,平均厚度超过了40 m,局部厚度可达120 m,年平均气温在-4℃,与我国已发现天然气水合物的祁连山木里地区有着类似的地温条件.哈拉湖坳陷除第四系和第三系外,白垩系整体不发育,侏罗系局部产出.该坳陷三叠系尕勒得寺组泥岩具有较强的生烃潜力,烃源岩主体处于成熟—高成熟阶段,部分地区处于过成熟热演化阶段,是形成天然气水合物的重要气体来源.哈拉湖坳陷断裂和褶皱非常发育,为烃类物质的运移和圈闭提供了良好的构造条件.通过与木里地区天然气水合物形成条件进行比较,认为该区域具有形成天然气水合物的条件和成藏潜力.     

神狐水合物藏降压开采分解前缘数值模拟研究

天然气水合物资源量大,广泛存在于深海和冻土带中,降压法是一种有效的开采方式.天然气水合物藏降压开采过程中,已经分解的水合物区域和尚未分解的水合物区域之间存在一个分解前缘,研究分解前缘的移动规律,有助于认识水合物藏的地层稳定性及进行产气量预测,因此对水合物藏分解前缘的研究具有重要意义.本文采用数值模拟的方法,针对神狐海域水合物藏地质条件,研究降压开采过程中分解前缘的形状及移动规律,并对影响分解前缘移动的敏感因素进行了分析.结果表明:降压分解时,分解前缘的形状为非活塞式,分解前缘1(水合物开始分解的位置)的移动速率近似为线性,分解前缘2(水合物完全分解的位置)的移动速率近似为指数增长.生产井压力越低,地层渗透率越大,初始水合物饱和度越小,初始温度越高,分解前缘移动速率越大.与一步降压相比,分段降压使得分解前缘1和前缘2的移动均滞后.水合物分解吸热导致地层温度降低,当到达冰点时,冰的生成将有助于水合物藏降压分解速率的增大.因此,水合物藏降压分解时,可考虑将压力降低至冰点所对应的相平衡压力附近.     

温室效应及气体水合化控制方法

温室气体大量排放引起的全球气候变暖问题日趋严峻,由此导致的温室效应正在严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境.运用水合物技术处理CO2和CH4这两种主要的温室气体是国际水合物界广泛关注的焦点.介绍了CO2置换法开采天然气水合物的技术,结合天然气和煤炭工业中CH4的主要排放途径分析了CH4的减排和资源化技术,阐述了天然气水合物的生成、分解工艺及储存的稳定性.利用带有搅拌装置的水合物实验系统研究了不同浓度煤层气的水合化过程,结果表明:在适当条件下不同浓度的煤层气均易形成水合物.通过对实验结果及文献资料的分析表明:运用水合物技术处理温室气体在技术上是可行的.文章最后指出了水合物技术在处理温室气体方面应加强研究的内容.     

未来能源:可燃冰

天然气水合物是水和天然气(主要成分为甲烷,因此也常称为“甲烷水合物”)在中高压和低温条件下混合时产生的品体物质,外貌极似冰雪,点火即可燃烧,故又称之为“可燃冰”或者“气冰”、“固体瓦斯”。它在自然界分布非常广泛,海底以下0-1500米深的大陆架或北极等地的永久冻土带都有可能存在,世界上有79个国家和地区都发现了天然气水合物气藏。这种看起来像冰霜的物质叫“可燃冰”,在常温常压下它会分解成水与甲     

井筒和集输管线中水合物生成条件的预测

高压、低温条件下,天然气中含有一定的水分,在管道、井筒以及地层多孔介质孔隙中形成水合物,水合物的形成会造成巨大的危害。水合物的结构有I、II和H型,大多数水合物理论预测模型均在VanderWaals-Platteeuw模型的基础上发展起来的。在统计热力学理论基础上,推导的水合物相平衡理论模型,适用于井筒和地面集输多相管流中水合物生成条件的预测,适用于I、II和H型水合物的相平衡计算。实例证明,这种模型的计算精度能够满足现场的要求。     

天然气长输管道中水合物生成的预测

天然气管道运行过程中,随着管道内压力、温度和天然气组分的变化会生成水合物。水合物的生成会降低管道的输送能力,从而提高输送成本,严重时更会堵塞管道甚至发生管道爆裂,造成重大的生产事故和巨大的经济损失。通过天然气管道内水合物生成条件预测模型的建立,确立天然气水合物形成时的温压关系,再结合天然气输送管道中温度和压力分布的仿真模拟,就可以预测天然气输送管道中水合物生成的大体位置和水合物生成的类型。这可以为防止天然气输送管道中水合物生成和堵塞提供技术依据,也为管道的设计和运行提供指导性建议。     

降压开采下深海能源土斜坡分解区的判定及其稳定性分析

深海能源土是指含新型战略性新能源-天然气水合物的海底沉积物。降压开采天然气水合物是一种相对经济、高效的方式,开采中水合物储层分解区域的确定与能源土斜坡稳定性分析是确保天然气水合物安全有效开采的前提之一。本文归纳了水合物降压开采的基本方程,通过自主编写USDFLD子程序,在ABAQUS中实现了降压开采条件下海底斜坡水合物储层分解区域的判断,模拟了水合物饱和度以及相关物性参数的变化情况。结合一实际海底能源土斜坡,完成了降压开采条件下能源土斜坡水合物储层分解区域、有效应力及变形场的计算,并结合有限元强度折减法对深海能源土斜坡降压开采的实际工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明开采前与开采后的安全系数变化不大,单井降压开采对斜坡的稳定性影响不明显。     

天然气水合物形成条件的预测

天然气水合物的形成对天然气开采与集输都会产生极大的影响，本文介绍了影响天然气水合物形成的主要条件与次要条件，以及目前预测天然气水合物形成条件的进展情况，文中着重介绍了国外在预测高压条件下（８０～１００ＭＰａ时）气井井筒及海底集气管线形成天然气水合物的实验研究情况．     

青海祁连山冻土区天然气水合物研究进展综述

祁连山冻土区是我国陆域天然气水合物调查研究的重点地区之一,也是我国目前在陆域冻土区唯一一处取得天然气水合物找矿发现的地区.自2008年首次钻获天然气水合物实物样品以来,调查研究工作逐步向广度和深度迈进,取得了由点到面的扩边勘查进展、油气等多种能源的发现以及试采试验成功等系列成果,同时基础理论认识水平得到了显著提升.在水合物地质特征和成藏系统研究方面,各要素描述得更加全面和深入,尤其是对气源和构造条件的深入分析,进一步丰富了水合物含油气系统的内涵.在调查技术方法研究方面,通过开展试验性实验,初步形成了从点上钻探调查技术到面上地球物理-地球化学调查综合性的技术方法体系,在勘探实践中发挥了重要的作用.在水合物试采试验方面,证实了降压试采工艺、控制监测等关键技术在成岩储层中应用的可行性,提出水平井试采工艺结合储层压裂改造技术将是未来提高产气量重要的科技攻关方向之一.在环境效应研究方面,发现了可以证实水合物稳态发生过变化或正处于变化之中的矿物学证据,提出了气候变暖引起水合物系统的演变模式,环境影响作用已逐步显现.由此可见,在祁连山冻土区,天然气水合物具有资源与环境并重的双重意义,不仅作为一种新型能源具有潜在的资源价值,而且还是一种会引起环境效应的不稳定因素.不难预测,随着青藏高原持续变暖,水合物储层稳定性评价研究将成为祁连山冻土区水合物资源环境效应研究的一个重要方面.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.