NMDA受体NR2B亚基作为镇痛靶点的研究进展

NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate)受体是兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸受体的一种亚型,是一种异聚体配体门控型离子通道,参与体内神经发育、神经元的兴奋性突触传递、突触可塑性、中枢敏化、神经元死亡等多种不同的生理和病理过程.新近研究表明,NMDA受体的NR2B亚基对NMDA受体药理和功能特性起决定作用,是一个治疗与NMDA受体相关疾病的潜在靶点.本文就含有NR2B亚基的NMDA受体的结构、分布、功能特性、在伤害性信息传递过程中的作用以及NR2B选择性拮抗剂作为镇痛药物的研究进展进行总结,希望能更全面地了解NMDA受体的功能与作用机制.     

免疫因子与间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛 综合征相关性研究

目的探讨免疫因子在间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征发生与进展中的作用.方法选取间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征患者42例为观察组,同期行输尿管镜检查的18例患者正常膀胱组织为对照组.透射电子显微镜观察浆细胞和肥大细胞的表达;免疫组化法检测白细胞介素(IL)-2,IL-10,Siglec-15的表达水平;进行盆腔疼痛和尿频、尿急症状(PUF)评分,分析免疫因子表达与PUF评分的关系.结果观察组42例间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征患者中36例在透射电子显微镜下观察可见浆细胞和肥大细胞,其中肥大细胞出现脱颗粒状态26例;对照组膀胱黏膜组织中透射电子显微镜下未见浆细胞和肥大细胞.观察组患者膀胱黏膜组织中IL-2,IL-10呈弱阳性、强阳性表达的比例明显高于对照组,IL-2,IL-10呈阴性表达的比例明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);膀胱黏膜组织中Siglec-15表达情况在两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05).观察组IL-2,IL-10强阳性患者的PUF评分明显高于弱阳性和阴性患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01); Siglec-15阴性患者的PUF评分明显低于阳性和强阳性患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01).结论间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征患者膀胱黏膜组织中存在浆细胞浸润、肥大细胞出现脱颗粒; IL-2,IL-10表达水平与症状程度呈正相关,Siglec-15表达水平与症状程度呈负相关.     

瘦素受体信号转导研究进展

瘦素通过与中枢及外周组织的瘦素受体结合,在细胞内能与许多信号分子相互作用,激活信号通路而发挥其功能。本文主要介绍了JAK/STAT与MAPK两种主要信号转导途径以及其它不涉及基因表达的转导途径。     

白芷香豆素的镇痛机制初探

目的 探讨白芷香豆素(Coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae,CAD)的镇痛作用机制.方法 采用热板法,通过工具药观察CAD的镇痛作用与阿片受体和单胺类神经递质的关系;利用硝酸还原酶法检测CAD对甲醛所致伤害性疼痛模型小鼠血清一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)的含量.结果 纳洛酮(5mg/kg)部分拮抗 CAD(60mg/kg)的镇痛作用;利血平(4mg/kg)可以部分拮抗CAD(60mg/kg)的镇痛作用.CAD(30,60,120mg/kg)连续给药4d,使甲醛所致伤害性疼痛模型小鼠血清NO含量明显下降.结论 CAD具有明显的镇痛,其镇痛作用与阿片受体和脑内单胺类神经递质有一定的关系.此外,明显减少NO的合成可能是其发挥镇痛作用的重要机制.     

蛋白激酶A与疼痛调控

蛋白激酶A(PKA)是G蛋白偶联受体所介导细胞信号通路中重要的信号转导因子,广泛参与了伤害性信息的调控和痛觉过敏的形成。本文聚焦PKA的结构特点、分布、功能及其对疼痛的调控机制,以充实基于PKA信号通路的疼痛机制。     

探讨起跑反应速度

<正> 起跑是短跑技术中一个重要的组成部分,其中反应速度对短跑成绩有着很大的影响。影响反应速度的因素分析反应时是衡量反应速度快慢的生理指标,是指运动员接受刺激与做出肌肉动作之间的应答时间。反应涉及以下过程:某些感觉器官被刺激而唤起兴奋;兴奋沿传入神经传到中枢;沿着传出神经,把中枢所发出的冲动传到相应的肌肉群;肌肉根据刺激的特点与要求,做出相应回答。所以反应时间的长短主要取决于: 1.感受器感受器越敏感,越能缩短对各种信号刺激的感受时间。感受     

5-HT_(2C)受体对帕金森病模型大鼠外侧缰核谷氨酸能神经元电活动的影响

为探讨帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠外侧缰核(LHb)中谷氨酸能神经元的电活动变化及其对5-羟色胺2C(5-HT_(2C))受体刺激的反应,阐明LHb和5-HT_(2C)受体在PD神经生物学机制中发挥的作用,通过6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)损毁单侧黑质致密部(substantia nigra pars compacta,SNc)建立PD模型,采用细胞外记录的方法,观察假手术组与单侧SNc损毁组大鼠LHb中谷氨酸能神经元的电活动。结果显示:与假手术组大鼠相比,损毁组大鼠LHb中谷氨酸能神经元的电活动增强,表现为爆发式放电活动增强(P0.05);LHb中局部注射5-HT_(2C)受体激动剂Ro60-0175后,两组大鼠的神经元放电频率虽均升高(P0.05),但损毁组大鼠LHb中谷氨酸能神经元放电频率升高持续时间显著长于假手术组,且给药前后神经元的放电形式更趋向于爆发式活动(P0.05),变异系数明显升高(P0.05)。结果提示单侧SNc损毁使LHb中谷氨酸能神经元爆发式电活动增强,可能与PD相关抑郁行为发生有关,5-HT_(2C)受体参与了对LHb中谷氨酸能神经元电活动的调节。     

复方北五味子促睡眠口服液镇静催眠作用及机制研究

目的研究复方北五味子促睡眠口服液(Co Schisandra sleep-promoting oral liquid,CSSPOL)的中枢镇静及催眠作用,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法 ICR雄性小鼠40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为空白对照组、CSSPOL低剂量组(4倍稀释液)、中剂量组(2倍稀释液)和高剂量组(原液),按0.1 m L/10 g容量灌胃给药,2次/d,连续7 d.采用小鼠自主活动记录仪观察CSSPOL的中枢镇静作用,采用协同戊巴比妥钠睡眠实验观察其对小鼠的催眠作用,小鼠脑组织中γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)的含量采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测,初步探讨CSSPOL的中枢抑制作用机制.结果 CSSPOL可明显减少小鼠自主活动总次数,缩短阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠诱导小鼠的睡眠潜伏期,并增加睡眠只数,延长阈剂量戊巴比妥钠诱导的小鼠睡眠持续时间,且能使小鼠脑组织中Glu和Gln含量降低.结论 CSSPOL镇静催眠作用显著,其中枢抑制作用可能与降低小鼠脑中兴奋性神经递质Glu和Gln含量有关.     

五参胶囊镇静催眠作用及其机制的实验研究

目的观察五参胶囊(Wu Shen Capsules,WSh C)对小鼠镇静催眠作用的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法将ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、五参胶囊高剂量组、中剂量组和低剂量组.五参胶囊高剂量组用药量为200 mg/(kg·d~(-1)),中剂量组用药量为100 mg/(kg·d~(-1)),低剂量组用药量为50 mg/(kg·d~(-1)),给药时间为15 d,于给药结束后进行小鼠自主活动实验和协同戊巴比妥钠阈上剂量睡眠时间实验,测定5 min内各组小鼠的活动次数和站立次数,记录各组小鼠的睡眠潜伏期和睡眠持续时间.采用酶联免疫吸附法检测小鼠下丘脑5-羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid,5-HIAA)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamine,Glu)含量,并计算5-HIAA/5-HT比值及Glu/GABA比值.结果与对照组比较,WSh C各给药组小鼠活动次数减少,睡眠潜伏期缩短,睡眠持续时间延长(P0.01),WSh C能升高小鼠下丘脑5-HIAA含量和5-HIAA/5-HT比值,降低Glu含量和Glu/GABA比值.结论 WSh C具有明显镇静催眠作用,其机制可能与调节中枢兴奋性和抑制性神经递质有关.     

Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3-deficient mice

Extracellular ATP is implicated in numerous sensory processes ranging from the response to pain to the regulation of motility in visceral organs. The ATP receptor P2X3 is selectively expressed on small diameter sensory neurons, supporting this hypothesis. Here we show that mice deficient in P2X3 lose the rapidly desensitizing ATP-induced currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons. P2X3 deficiency also causes a reduction in the sustained ATP-induced currents in nodose ganglion neurons. P2X3-null mice have reduced pain-related behaviour in response to injection of ATP and formalin. Significantly, P2X3-null mice exhibit a marked urinary bladder hyporeflexia, characterized by decreased voiding frequency and increased bladder capacity, but normal bladder pressures. Immunohistochemical studies localize P2X3 to nerve fibres innervating the urinary bladder of wild-type mice, and show that loss of P2X3 does not alter sensory neuron innervation density. Thus, P2X3 is critical for peripheral pain responses and afferent pathways controlling urinary bladder volume reflexes. Antagonists to P2X3 may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders of urine storage and voiding such as overactive bladder.     

Peripheral modulation of mechano-sensitivity in primary afferent neurons

Considerable attention has centered recently on the changes in neuron excitability and synaptic efficacy caused by certain biogenic amines and neuropeptides. These neuromodulators act at a wide variety of both central and peripheral targets, and bring about diverse biological results. In sensory pathways, modulation occurs at central input synapses of the primary afferents and at peripheral terminals of efferents. This study was undertaken to look at non-synaptic modulation of membrane potentials in peripheral sensory endings of identifiable receptors. Using intracellular recording from the three primary afferent fibres of a recently described simple crustacean stretch receptor, which lacks centrifugal control, we observed in vitro modulation of the sensory response by three neuroactive substances known to be present in vivo. Two neuroamines, serotonin and octopamine, depressed receptor potentials and impulse discharge whereas the pentapeptide proctolin enhanced both these components of the sensory response. The peripheral sensory modulation reported here for a lobster mechano-receptor may occur in many animal groups and sensory systems.     

Sensory transmitters regulate intracellular calcium in dorsal horn neurons

Primary afferent terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord release excitatory amino acid and peptide transmitters that initiate the central processing of nociceptive information. The postsynaptic actions of amino acid transmitters on spinal neurons have been well characterized, but the cellular basis of peptide actions remains unclear. Substance P is the best characterized of the peptides present in sensory neurons and has been shown to depolarize dorsal horn neurons and to facilitate nociceptive reflexes. To determine the mechanisms by which substance P contributes to afferent synaptic transmission, we have monitored the levels of intracellular calcium in single isolated rat dorsal horn neurons and report that substance P can produce a prolonged elevation in calcium concentration by mobilizing its release from intracellular stores. This elevation may contribute to the long-term changes in the excitable properties of dorsal horn neurons that occur following afferent fibre stimulation. We have also found that L-glutamate elevates intracellular calcium in substance P-sensitive dorsal horn neurons by increasing calcium influx. These results provide a direct demonstration of intracellular calcium changes in response to neuropeptides in mammalian central neurons. They also indicate that there is convergent regulation of intracellular calcium in dorsal horn neurons by two different classes of sensory transmitters that are co-released from the same afferent terminals.     

中华眼镜蛇心脏毒素对疼痛及记忆的影响

通过热板法及醋酸扭体法观察中华眼镜蛇心脏毒素(CTX)对成年昆明种小鼠疼痛的影响,通过Y一型电迷宫及穿梭箱法研究CTX对东蓖若碱诱发成年昆明种小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响,利用跳台法研究CTX对东蓑若碱诱发成年BABL/C小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响,利用Morris水迷宫法研究CTX对对东蓖若碱诱发成年C57BL/6J小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响。实验发现,CTX能明显增加热刺激引起的疼痛闭值,明显减少醋酸引起的扭体次数,并能显著增加小鼠在Y型迷宫实验中的正确反应次数,减少在穿梭箱实验中小鼠重新训练至学会标准的训练次数及小鼠的反应时间,能增加小鼠在跳台法中的潜伏期,减少错误反应次数,减少小鼠在Morris水迷宫实验中的寻台时间和游泳路程,以上效果均表现出明显的剂量依赖性。以上结果提示,CTX有良好的镇痛作用以及对东莫若碱诱发的小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用,这可能是由于CTX与眼镜蛇神经毒素(NT)三维结构相似而导致了相似的生物学效应。     

Identification of a serotonin/glutamate receptor complex implicated in psychosis

The psychosis associated with schizophrenia is characterized by alterations in sensory processing and perception. Some antipsychotic drugs were identified by their high affinity for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (2AR). Drugs that interact with metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) also have potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. The effects of hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, require the 2AR and resemble some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. Here we show that the mGluR2 interacts through specific transmembrane helix domains with the 2AR, a member of an unrelated G-protein-coupled receptor family, to form functional complexes in brain cortex. The 2AR-mGluR2 complex triggers unique cellular responses when targeted by hallucinogenic drugs, and activation of mGluR2 abolishes hallucinogen-specific signalling and behavioural responses. In post-mortem human brain from untreated schizophrenic subjects, the 2AR is upregulated and the mGluR2 is downregulated, a pattern that could predispose to psychosis. These regulatory changes indicate that the 2AR-mGluR2 complex may be involved in the altered cortical processes of schizophrenia, and this complex is therefore a promising new target for the treatment of psychosis.     

Autistic-like social behaviour in Shank2-mutant mice improved by restoring NMDA receptor function

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. ASD is a highly heritable disorder involving various genetic determinants. Shank2 (also known as ProSAP1) is a multi-domain scaffolding protein and signalling adaptor enriched at excitatory neuronal synapses, and mutations in the human SHANK2 gene have recently been associated with ASD and intellectual disability. Although ASD-associated genes are being increasingly identified and studied using various approaches, including mouse genetics, further efforts are required to delineate important causal mechanisms with the potential for therapeutic application. Here we show that Shank2-mutant (Shank2(-/-)) mice carrying a mutation identical to the ASD-associated microdeletion in the human SHANK2 gene exhibit ASD-like behaviours including reduced social interaction, reduced social communication by ultrasonic vocalizations, and repetitive jumping. These mice show a marked decrease in NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor (NMDAR) function. Direct stimulation of NMDARs with D-cycloserine, a partial agonist of NMDARs, normalizes NMDAR function and improves social interaction in Shank2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, treatment of Shank2(-/-) mice with a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), which enhances NMDAR function via mGluR5 activation, also normalizes NMDAR function and markedly enhances social interaction. These results suggest that reduced NMDAR function may contribute to the development of ASD-like phenotypes in Shank2(-/-) mice, and mGluR modulation of NMDARs offers a potential strategy to treat ASD.     

慢性尿路感染大鼠模型的动态变化研究

目的 建立慢性尿路感染大鼠模型并研究相关指标的动态变化。方法 雌性SD大鼠经膀胱处注入大肠杆菌液,以诱导慢性尿路感染大鼠模型,并灌胃盐酸左氧氟沙星治疗。第0、7、14、21、28天动态检测动物体温、尿细菌数、血常规及BUN、Cr值的变化。第31天进行肾脏及膀胱感染菌计数及组织病理学检测。结果 模型对照组在第7、14天体温显著升高(P<0.05);第7～28天尿细菌数、第30天肾脏及膀胱感染菌数明显增多(P<0.05);第30天膀胱及肾脏病理检查可见炎性细胞浸润及黏膜下层血管扩张充血。盐酸左氧氟沙星组尿细菌数、肾脏及膀胱染菌数明显下降(P<0.05),膀胱及肾脏炎症明显减轻。结论 此法适用于建立慢性尿路感染大鼠模型及进行药效学观察。     

ATP excites a subpopulation of rat dorsal horn neurones

The peripheral receptive properties and central projections of different classes of dorsal root ganglion neurones are well characterized. Much less is known about the transmitters used by these neurones. Excitatory amino acids have been proposed as sensory transmitters but the sensitivity of virtually all central neurones to those compounds has made it difficult to assess their precise role in sensory transmission. Several neuropeptides have been localized within discrete subclasses of primary sensory neurones that project to the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord and may be afferent transmitters. However, only about one-third of spinal sensory neurones have been shown to contain neuropeptides. We have recently described the presence of a 5'-nucleotide hydrolysing acid phosphatase in a separate subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion neurones that project to the superficial dorsal horn. This enzyme also appears in certain autonomic and endocrine cells that contain high concentrations of releasable nucleotides in their storage granules. It is possible that the presence of this enzyme in sensory neurones is also associated with a releasable pool of nucleotides. Holton and Holton have provided evidence that ATP is released from the peripheral terminals of unmyelinated sensory fibres and have suggested that release of ATP might also occur from central sensory terminals. To investigate the possibility that nucleotides act as central sensory transmitters we have examined their actions on rat dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurones maintained in dissociated cell culture. We report here a selective and potent excitation of subpopulations of both neuronal types by ATP.     

Protein kinase C reduces Mg2+ block of NMDA-receptor channels as a mechanism of modulation.

The roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and protein kinase C (PKC) are critical in generating and maintaining a variety of sustained neuronal responses. In the nociceptive (pain-sensing) system, tissue injury or repetitive stimulation of small-diameter afferent fibres triggers a dramatic increase in discharge (wind-up) or prolonged depolarization of spinal cord neurons. This central sensitization can neither be induced nor maintained when NMDA receptor channels are blocked. In the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (a centre for processing nociceptive information from the orofacial areas), a mu-opioid receptor agonist causes a sustained increase in NMDA-activated currents by activating intracellular PKC. There is also evidence that PKC enhances NMDA-receptor-mediated glutamate responses and regulates long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission. Despite the importance of NMDA-receptors and PKC, the mechanism by which PKC alters the NMDA response has remained unclear. Here we examine the actions of intracellularly applied PKC on NMDA-activated currents in isolated trigeminal neurons. We find that PKC potentiates the NMDA response by increasing the probability of channel openings and by reducing the voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of NMDA-receptor channels.     

ATP is a mediator of chemosensory transduction in the central nervous system

Extracellular signalling by the purine nucleotide ATP has long been associated with sensory function. In the periphery, ATP mediates nociception, mechanosensitivity, thermal sensitivity and O2 chemosensitivity. These processes share a common mechanism that involves the release of ATP to excite afferent fibres via activation of ionotropic P2X and/or metabotropic P2Y receptors. Chemosensors located in the brainstem are crucial for the maintenance of physiological levels of blood gases through the regulation of breathing. Here we show that an increase in pCO2 in the arterial blood triggers the immediate release of ATP from three chemosensitive regions located on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. Blockade of ATP receptors at these sites diminishes the chemosensory control of breathing, suggesting that ATP release constitutes a key step in central chemosensory transduction. These new data suggest that ATP, a phylogenetically ancient, unique and simple molecule, has been widely used in the evolution of afferent systems to mediate distinct forms of sensory transduction not only in the periphery but also within the central nervous system.