碳钢被覆金属碳化物过程中碳迁移扩散行为的探讨

本文对碳钢被覆金属碳化物过程中碳原子的迁移扩散行为进行了讨论。由于碳从基体向表面扩散形成碳化物,在基体与被覆层之间形成一假想的脱碳区△L,该区脱碳前的碳含量正好等于被覆层获得增量dl所需的碳原子总量。如果在被覆层获得增量dl的时间dt内,该区的碳能与远基体达到均匀化,则认为基体中的碳含量已足以维持被覆层的正常生长。本文对此进行了定量分析,导出了被覆金属碳化物钢中所需碳含量的数学表达式。     

多金属MOF衍生多孔碳微波吸收性能研究进展

在对单金属MOF衍生多孔碳微波吸收性能研究进展的基础上进行了拓展,继续研究了多金属MOF衍生多孔碳材料做微波吸收材料的吸波原理和相较于单金属MOF衍生多孔碳的优势。分别从双磁性金属MOF多孔碳、单磁性金属MOF多孔碳和三金属MOF多孔碳3个方面论述了其研究进展。综合上述进展分析了多金属MOF衍生多孔碳做吸波材料存在的问题并对其未来发展方向做出了展望和预测。     

Fe-∑M-C多元合金奥氏体中碳活度的估算

本文证明了在三元以上的合金钢中,当奥氏体与碳化物相平衡时,合金元素对奥氏体中碳活度的影响具有叠加性质。根据M.Hillert模型推导了在这种条件下多元合金钢奥氏体中的碳活度的关系式,认为合金元素、铁在碳化物-奥氏体间的分配系数是很重要的。据此可以计算合金奥氏体中的碳活度,根据上述方法求出的碳活度,预测了实用合金钢内氧化型渗碳时所需要的碳势,预测值与实验结果符合较好。     

气体渗碳碳势控制机理及渗层碳浓度分布数学模型

从吸附角度分析了气体渗碳过程,高温奥氏体中铁对碳原子的吸附为物理吸附,碳化物形式元素产生化学吸附。根据所采用渗碳钢的化学成分及渗件表面含碳量,对炉气碳势进行定量控制。根据菲克定律,在恒定碳势、扩散系数Ｄ与碳浓度分布无关且为常数的条件下,给出了渗层碳浓度分布的数学模型。     

F-T合成铁-锰系催化剂的TPSR方法表征

采用程序升温表面反应(TPSR)方法,研究了F-T合成铁-锰系催化剂于不同条件下吸附CO后,在催化剂表面形成的不同加氢活性碳物种的形态和反应性。结果表明,一氧化碳在铁基催化剂上解离后,可形成三类不同加氢活性的碳物种:表面碳(或其衍生的表面碳物种)、体相碳化物和非活性碳。其中,表面碳是形成甲烷及高级烃的表面活性中间物;体相碳化物可能是催化剂在反应条件下的真实活性相;而非活性碳则可能导致催化剂的失活。适量的锰、钾助剂对一氧化碳的解离及碳物种的形成起促进作用。     

Cr5Mo钢管异种接头中碳迁移的研究

研究了Ｃｒ５Ｍｏ异种钢焊接接头在５００℃温度下长期运行后接头中各微区的组织变化、碳迁移后增碳层的变化规律。试验结果表明，焊态下无增碳层，运行后出现增碳层并依运行寿命的延长，增碳层中碳化物数量逐渐增多，碳化物颗粒变化大，并分布在含有较多位错线的板条铁素体基体上，对基中的Ｃｒ，Ｃ元素的分丰及含量进行了测定。接头的强度、硬度随碳迁移的增多无明显的变化。对接头微区的电极电位测量后，认为对接头的寿命无大影响     

高浓度深层渗碳碳分布数学模型建立与应用

在对高浓度深层渗碳的特点进行分析的基础上，考虑到碳化物的析出与溶解、温度与碳浓度对扩散系数的影响、气氛环境对碳传递系数的影响，提出了高浓度深层渗碳的数学模型，并导出了差分法求解方法。应用该模型实现了高浓度深层渗碳的计算机实时控制。     

单金属MOF衍生多孔碳微波吸收性能研究进展

现阶段,电子仪器和设备受到空前关注,但是电磁波污染问题也随之加剧,电磁吸波材料可以保护人体和仪器设备免受其干扰,而且对于军用设备的隐身也会起到重要的作用。金属有机框架(MOFs）是一种三维多孔结构,其合成方法简单,尺寸形貌和孔径大小可控,形状结构稳定。其衍生的多孔碳材料因具有较强的导电性和较大的比表面积等优点使其成为热门的应用材料。在微波吸收领域,MOF 衍生多孔碳材料也展现出巨大潜力。文中从 MOF 的中心金属出发,对单金属 MOF 衍生多孔碳材料的研究现状和吸波原理进行了介绍,详细总结了其在微波吸收领域的研究进展,并综合上述进展分析了单金属 MOF 衍生多孔碳做吸波材料存在的问题 最后对其未来发展方向做出了展望和预测     

P/A异种钢焊接接头在高温时碳迁移的计算机模拟

运用Fick第一、第二定律及活度公式，考虑双边界条件，求出了更接近于实际情况的P／A异种钢焊接接头的碳迁移数学表达式，并用QBASIC语言编写了计算机模拟程序，得到其在高温时的碳分布曲线．计算机模拟结果表明，模拟曲线与实验值符合较好；对于具有F／M-L／A两条焊接边界的焊接接头，增碳层主要限制在M-L层中，碳迁移在开始阶段进行得较快，当原固溶于类马氏体层中的强碳化物形成元素脱溶形成稳定的碳化物M23C6后，碳迁移将进行得极为缓慢．     

浅谈碳烯和硅烯的同异

碳烯和硅烯是分属于碳化物和硅化物中的两类反应活性中间体。两者甚为相似。本文主要通过碳烯和硅烯的结构、制备、性质等三方面来阐明它们之间的同和异。     

Seafloor hydrothermal activity and polymetallic sulfide exploration on the southwest Indian ridge

Polymetallic sulfides have attracted more attentions,which are regarded as one of the potential seabed mineral resources for their high grade of precious metal elements such as Cu,Zn,Pb,Au,and Ag.Since2007,there are four China dayang cruises(CDCs)with eight legs totally,which have been carried out to investigate polymetallic sulfides on the southwest Indian ridge(SWIR),and eight hydrothermal vents have been found.In2011,the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)and International Seabed Authority(ISA)signed a 15-year contract for exploration for polymetallic sulfides located on the SWIR between 46°S and 53°S.The area allocated to the COMRA is approximately 10,000 km2.In this paper,we review the recent research advances about hydrothermal activity of the SWIR by the CDCs.As for the sulfides exploration in the future,some aspects should be emphasized,such as the controlling factors of sulfide mineralization on the SWIR,prospecting methods of inactive and buried sulfide deposits,sulfides resources assessment method,and the nearbottom sulfides exploration technology systems.     

A Biodegradable Knitted Cardiac Patch for Myocardium Regeneration Using Cardiosphere-Derived Cells(CDCs)

In order to regenerate myocardium and provide appropriate mechanical support after a heart attack,jersey,tuck and rib stitch structures were knitted from polylactic acid(PLA)yarns to fabricate a cardiac patch,which mimicked the mechanical properties of myocardium in both directions.Cardiosphere-derived cells(CDCs) were seeded on these PLA patch fabrics,and using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) characterization and an MTT assay the cells proliferated and attached successfully to the PLA fabrics.Based on the results,the rib stitch structure is the most promising candidate for fabricating cardiac patches due to its high elasticity and its ability to promote cell proliferation.     

毡体密度对C/C复合材料增密和结构的影响

用液化石油气作碳源、针刺炭毡作增强体,在自行设计的多元耦合物理场CVI炉中制备炭/炭(C/C)复合材料,在毡体内部设置石墨纸作发热体,并研究了一次性沉积15 h后,毡体密度对增密速度和材料结构的影响.采用偏光显微镜研究了沉积炭的显微结构,用XRD均峰位法研究了材料的石墨化度,并用排水法测量材料的表观密度.研究表明, CVI工艺增密速度随毡体密度的增加呈下降趋势,而较高的毡体密度有利于获得较高石墨化度的高织构的粗糙层结构(RL)热解炭.图4,参15.     

长炭纤维网对PEMFC用炭纸性能的影响

向炭纸初坯中引入长炭纤维网,以改性酚醛树脂为黏合剂对炭纸坯体进行浸渍,经模压固化、炭化和石墨化工艺制得质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用炭纸。研究长炭纤维的添加对炭纸性能的影响。研究结果表明:在兼顾炭纸具有优良透气性的前提下,长纤维的加入对炭纸起到了既增强又增韧的效果,并且提高了炭纸的导电能力;当添加的长炭纤维占炭纸初坯的10%(质量分数)时,炭纸的综合性能最好,其性能参数如下:厚度为0.23 mm,密度为0.47 g/cm3,电阻率为2.39 m-.cm,抗拉强度、抗弯强度及弯曲挠度分别为28.15 MPa,83.89 MPa和1.1 mm,孔隙率为75.8%,透气率为4 906.75 m3/(h.kPa.m),满足燃料电池气体扩散层用炭纸的需要。     

碳/碳复合材料表面烧蚀多尺度粗糙度模拟简

通过建立碳/碳（C/C）复合材料在宏观、微观不同尺度上的烧蚀模型,利用有限元方法分析了C/C复合材料在烧蚀过程中的体积损失、表面粗糙度以及烧蚀性能的变化规律。微观上,模拟了材料烧蚀呈现的尖笋状粗糙度形貌。宏观上,采用ALE方法,并基于实验结果通过Fortran编程控制材料表面烧蚀后退运动,建立了C/C复合材料表面烧蚀的多尺度热力耦合分析模型,并进行瞬态有限元分析。结果表明：材料烧蚀表面粗糙度程度与烧蚀速率、材料性能密切相关;并且随着材料烧蚀程度的不同,材料的表面应力也相应变化。     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

Fabrication method and microstructural characteristics of coal-tar-pitchbased 2D carbon/carbon composites

The lignin-cellulosic texture of wood was used to produce two-dimensional(2D) carbon/carbon(C/C) composites using coal tar pitch. Ash content tests were conducted to select two samples among the different kinds of woods present in Iran, including walnut, white poplar, cherry, willow, buttonwood, apricots, berry, and blue wood. Walnut and white poplar with ash contents of 1.994wt% and 0.351wt%, respectively, were selected. The behavior of these woods during pyrolysis was investigated by differential thermal analysis(DTA) and thermo gravimetric(TG) analysis. The bulk density and open porosity were measured after carbonization and densification. The microstructural characteristics of samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the density of both the walnut and white poplar is increased, and the open porosity is decreased with the increasing number of carbonization cycles. The XRD patterns of the wood charcoal change gradually with increasing pyrolysis temperature, possibly as a result of the ultra-structural changes in the charcoal or the presence of carbonized coal tar pitch in the composite's body.     

碳钢屑/活性炭混合反应器对焦化废水的预处理

研究了碳钢屑/活性炭混合床反应器对焦化废水中COD的去除效果及其影响因素,并依据腐蚀电化学原理对机理作了探讨。结果表明,碳钢屑/活性炭混合床反应器可以有效地去除焦化废水中的COD,其去除率能达到80%左右;在2 h左右的反应时间里,pH值对去除效果的影响仅为3%,加入絮凝剂可使去除率提高5%左右;碳钢屑/活性炭混合床反应器对焦化废水中COD的去除主要是通过电絮凝起作用。     

活性炭吸附二氧化碳性能的研究

采用常压流动吸附法研究了活性炭吸附剂在二氧化碳/氮气体系中对二氧化碳的动态吸附性能,比较了其吸附量、吸附穿透曲线和吸附性能的差异,研究了活性炭的比表面积、孔径分布及表面官能团对其二氧化碳吸附性能的影响。结果表明,原料煤的性质影响活性炭对二氧化碳的吸附性能;二氧化碳的吸附量与吸附剂的比表面积、孔径分布有关,但孔径分布是主要的因素。吸附剂的孔径分布在0.5～1.7nm范围内时,有利于对二氧化碳的吸附;经多次循环吸脱附后,吸附剂对二氧化碳的吸附量略有减小并达到恒定值,孔容小和孔径分布窄的吸附剂的吸附量衰减较快。     

The structural basis for membrane binding and pore formation by lymphocyte perforin

Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes accomplish the critically important function of killing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. They do this by releasing the pore-forming protein perforin and granzyme proteases from cytoplasmic granules into the cleft formed between the abutting killer and target cell membranes. Perforin, a 67-kilodalton multidomain protein, oligomerizes to form pores that deliver the pro-apoptopic granzymes into the cytosol of the target cell. The importance of perforin is highlighted by the fatal consequences of congenital perforin deficiency, with more than 50 different perforin mutations linked to familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (type 2 FHL). Here we elucidate the mechanism of perforin pore formation by determining the X-ray crystal structure of monomeric murine perforin, together with a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the entire perforin pore. Perforin is a thin 'key-shaped' molecule, comprising an amino-terminal membrane attack complex perforin-like (MACPF)/cholesterol dependent cytolysin (CDC) domain followed by an epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain that, together with the extreme carboxy-terminal sequence, forms a central shelf-like structure. A C-terminal C2 domain mediates initial, Ca(2+)-dependent membrane binding. Most unexpectedly, however, electron microscopy reveals that the orientation of the perforin MACPF domain in the pore is inside-out relative to the subunit arrangement in CDCs. These data reveal remarkable flexibility in the mechanism of action of the conserved MACPF/CDC fold and provide new insights into how related immune defence molecules such as complement proteins assemble into pores.