青藏高原盆地系统演化与高原形成时间

青藏高原在以时间为坐标的隆升过程中,高原的范围、高度都是呈阶段性递增的.随着青藏高原的构造隆升,在高原的内部和外围发育了众多的沉积盆地,在这些沉积盆地中详细地记录了青藏高原的隆升过程.高原北部盆地的演化显示出向北递进增长的特征,以南北挤压为动力背景的北部前陆盆地演化代表了盆地对高原周缘造山带的响应关系:金沙江缝合带、昆仑山、祁连山的新生代逆冲抬升的时间分别为53 Ma、46 Ma和29.5 Ma.对高原南北盆地-造山带的构造演化对比发现:祁连山和高喜马拉雅的逆冲时间相同,说明青藏高原在渐新世基本定型.     

灵丘南山中生代逆冲推覆构造特征及其意义

灵丘南山逆冲推覆构造位于燕山造山带的西南端、唐河断裂带北段,空间展布与太古宙恒山陆缘火山弧岩基带南部边界大致吻合。逆冲推覆构造具有薄皮构造和厚皮构造共存的构造属性,主要由一系列近平行相间排列的褶皱和逆冲断层组成,沿其走向具有三种不同的组合型式,主要表现为前后陡、中间缓的叠瓦状构造,上盘运动方向总体指向SE,逆冲推覆构造主要变形发生在130.5~129.63 Ma。太白维山逆冲推覆构造运移距离不少于7 km,古路河逆冲断层仅500 m左右。逆冲后首次伸展构造变形破坏了逆冲推覆构造的连续展布,并造成了大规模的岩浆侵入活动及其伴生矿床的成生,新生代伸展构造变形以发育于逆冲推覆构造后侧为主,并利用其先存逆冲推覆构造薄弱带。     

论秦岭佛坪地区隆—滑构造

由基底片麻岩（内核）剥离断层（接合面）及滑覆层状岩系（外壳）构成的佛坪穹隆构造,从其岩石组成,早期的运动学特征,变质变形改造和同位素测年资料综合分析,表明佛坪穹隆可能形成印支期的主造山期前,并受印支期山期褶皱变形和燕山期逆冲,走滑作用的叠加改造,它经历了中元古代－前印支期隆－滑构造形成阶段,而与造山后期变质核杂岩明显不同,在造山带构造演化中具有重要意义,隆－滑构造发生的深部背景是造山带岩圈垂向积增     

弧形走滑砂箱构造物理模型及其大地构造意义

利用砂箱构造物理模型和"实验-实例"互证思想,探讨弧形剪切走滑变形构造特征及其意义。基于弧形吕德尔和弥散性走滑砂箱构造物理模型模拟实验,揭示弧形走滑构造变形导致砂箱浅表断层以R型和Y型走滑破裂为主,形成相互叠置的花状构造冲起带;但弧形带内侧和外侧具有明显不一致的几何学与运动学特征。弧形吕德尔剪切模型中弧形带内侧和外侧走滑断层与基底断层走向夹角范围分别为4°~23°、6°~23°,内外侧走滑断层端点与基底断层间距离分别为1~6mm、4~5mm;弧形弥散性剪切走滑变形过程中弧形带内侧、外侧走向角分别为4°~30°、11°~25°,断层间距分别为1.1~5.7mm、1.6~4.7mm,且弧形带内侧断层倾角主要为~45°,而弧形带外侧断裂倾角主要为65°和75°,总体上揭示出弧形剪切带内侧走滑上冲构造特征显著强于外侧。同时,砂箱浅表物质PIV监测揭示弧形基底断层带外侧冲起构造带的地质体走向上水平走滑速率逐渐减小、垂直运动速率逐渐增大,揭示了走滑断层构造属性逐渐转变的过程,即由走滑断裂逐渐转变为(走滑)上冲断裂,断层沿走向的倾角逐渐减小、断距增大,空间上呈现为螺旋状断面特征。四川盆地周缘弧形(走滑)构造变形带,即大凉山-小江弧形走滑构造带和大巴山城口弧形走滑上冲构造带,它们的形成过程及其构造特征与弧形(走滑)结构带密切相关。     

东大别超高压变质带构造研究进展

大别山造山带的形成和演化主要经过南北板块碰撞、碰撞后超高压变质岩折返和燕山早期穹隆构造形成3个构造阶段,其主体构造格架由碰撞后超高压变质岩折返过程中的伸展作用和燕山早期穹隆构造所形成.文中根据不同岩石单元在超高压变质岩折返和穹隆构造形成中的构造表现,以主期构造特征及其后构造演化的一致性为原则,将东大别造山带的变质岩系分为南大别岩片构造带、中大别穹隆构造带和北大别隆滑-逆冲构造带3个构造单元,系统论述了各构造单元构造变形的几何学和运动学特征,从造山带整体构造演化的角度厘定出3个阶段的5期变形,探讨了它们在大别山构造演化和超高压变质岩形成和折返中的动力学意义.     

巢湖北部青苔山推覆构造的特征及其成因

青苔山推覆构造是滁河断裂带的重要组成部分。推覆体主要为震旦系、寒武系的灰岩,由NW→SE推覆掩盖在志留系页岩之上,主滑脱面倾角较小(10°～20°)。推覆体中有多期断层存在:高角度逆冲断层倾角60°至直立,并伴随有较大的碎裂岩带,东强西弱;有2组走滑断层发育:一组是NE向的左行走滑断层,与郯庐断裂带有密切的成因联系;另一组为NW向走滑断层,形成时代较晚,破坏早期逆冲断层和NE向走滑断层。推覆体中最晚一期的低角度逆掩断层以主滑脱面为代表,倾角较小,数量较少。青苔山推覆构造形成于早、中侏罗世,是山前盆地冲断变形的产物。晚侏罗世—早白垩世在中国东部大地构造背景下,表现为左行平移;晚白垩世—早第三纪伸展为主,其西侧发育有K2—E红色沉积物;晚第三纪以来再一次逆冲挤压,沿早期逆冲断层再次活动,最终形成现在的推覆构造,推覆距离大于2km     

岩石有限应变与造山带构造块体变形要素的估算

提出定量研究造山带的一种简便而实用的方法。利用岩石应变测量方法测量出岩石中变形标志体长轴、中间轴、短轴之间的比值(X∶Y∶Z),计算构造块体的三轴比率;假设变形前后体积不变,可估算出构造块体的原始宽度;若已知构造块体其中一个轴(如Z轴)的长度,便可估算出其它两个轴的长度,近而估算出构造块体变形前后的缩短分量和缩短率、伸展分量和伸展率、垂向伸展量、垂向伸展率、剥蚀量和深部调整量等,从而进一步研究整个造山带的变形要素。     

阿尔泰造山带的逆冲-走滑构造模式

阿尔泰造山带的运动学研究证明,该造山带是由逆冲和水平左旋剪切合成作用的产物。水平运动分量沿造山带自SE向NW增大,致使造山带的运动从SE段的逆冲为主逐渐过渡到NW段的左旋走滑为主。横向上水平分量自造山带腹地(NE)向前陆(SW)增大,造成腹地逆冲、前陆走滑、中间为过渡状态的特殊运动方式。推测形成这种运动方式的原因是造山带闭合时的斜向碰撞和造山带前缘准噶尔地块的透镜体边界效应。     

库车盆地依南气田构造变形特征及动力学机制

对库车盆地依南气田的构造变形特征及动力学机制进行了系统研究.依南气田所在的依深背斜为一具被动顶板的大型双重逆冲构造,其上覆依奇克里克背斜为一大型断层传播褶皱.它们具有分段和左行左列的雁列式展布特征.受印-藏碰撞远距离效应的影响,背斜构造自晚第三纪中新世康村组沉积期开始形成,主要的作用力来源于碰撞作用所传递过来的构造挤压应力,多期自北而南的冲断作用是气田构造形成的根本原因.挤压作用不仅形成了大规模的逆冲断层及大型的断层相关褶皱,而且还产生了左行走滑作用,使断层在发生向南逆冲运动的同时还发生左行走滑运动,从而使背斜构造在走向上发生转折,并呈现出左行左列的走滑构造特点.     

柴达木盆地狮子沟构造带分层变形特征

柴西地区构造带与阿尔金断裂近垂直,与昆仑山山前断裂近平行,以基底逆冲断层、压扭性断层、反转断层为主要构造要素发育的强变形带构成不同尺度构造单元的边界.通过精细的构造解析,认为狮子沟构造带的滑脱层与细砂山组沉积是伸展体制转向挤压体制的关键.柴西地区中、新生代经历了裂陷伸展与挤压收缩交替变化的构造演化过程,可以划分为侏罗纪裂陷、白垩纪坳陷、古近纪弱裂陷、新近纪-第四纪挤压收缩等构造演化阶段.根据物理模拟实验分析了狮子沟构造带的分层变形特征.     

40Ar-39Ar thermochronology of two ductile shear zones from Yiwulüshan, West Liaoning Region: Age constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic events

Two ductile shear zones trending EW and NNE respectively not only controlled the tectonic framework of the northern North China, but also constrained the geodynamic background for gold mineralization in this region. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the EW trending ductile shear zones are mainly contributed to dextral compressional deformation resulting from top-to- the-southeast oblique thrust shearing, whereas the NNE trending ones are genetically related to sinistral strike-slip and extensional faulting. One sample from the former yielded an 40Ar-39Ar plateau age of (219±4) Ma (Bi) and two samples from the latter gave 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages of (116±2) Ma (Bi) and (127±3) Ma (Bi). These ages provide constraints on the top-to-the-southeast oblique thrusting event occurring in Late Triassic and the sinistral extensional and strike-slip faulting event which occurred in Early Cretaceous.     

40Ar-39Ar thermochronology of two ductile shear zones from Yiwulüshan, West Liaoning Region: Age constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic events

Two ductile shear zones trending EW and NNE respectively not only controlled the tectonic framework of the northern North China, but also constrained the geodynamic background for gold mineralization in this region. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the EW trending ductile shear zones are mainly contributed to dextral compressional deformation resulting from top-to-the-southeast oblique thrust shearing, whereas the NNE trending ones are genetically related to sinistral strike-slip and extensional faulting. One sample from the former yielded an ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau age of (219± 4) Ma (Bi) and two samples from the latter gave ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages of (116± 2) Ma (Bi) and (127±3) Ma (Bi). These ages provide constraints on the top-to-the-southeast oblique thrusting event occurring in Late Triassic and the sinistral extensional and strike-slip faulting event which occurred in Early Cretaceous.     

Early tectonic uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau

The Hexi Corridor is the northmost foreland basin of the Tibetan Plateau and its formation is controlled by the northern marginal fault of Tibet, Altyn Tagh Fault （ATF）-North Qilian Shan marginal Fault （NQF）, and the southern Kuantan Shan-Longshou Shan Fault （KLF）. So its study is important to understanding the mechanism of Tibet formation and its influence on global climate change. The oldest Cenozoic sediments in the Corridor is the Huoshaogou Formation which consists of terrigenous fine conglomerate, sandstone, sandy mudstone and mudstone, depositing in al- luvial to lacustrine and fan delta sedimentary environments. Detailed paleomagnetic measurements of this sequence at Yumen clearly reveal eleven pairs of normal and reversed polarities. Fossil mammals found around the section support that most of the observed polarities can be well correlated with chrons between 13n and 18r of the standard geomagnetic polarity time scale, yielding ages of 40.2-33.35 Ma. The mean declinations of this sequence and its immediately above stratigraphy indicate an 18.3° rapid clockwise rotation of the Hexi Corridor. Since this sequence has been strongly folded and is capped by an angular unconformity, we think that the presence of the thick alluvial fan conglomeration at the bottom of the foreland basin may indicate the initial deformation and uplift of the northern Qilian Shan. This process could occur at latest at 40.2 Ma, driven by the faults NQF and KLF that thrust onto the Hexi corridor respectively from its southern and northern margins. These faults are in an early response to the collision of India with Asia, while the unconformable termination and rotation of the Huoshaogou Formation at -33.35 Ma indicate other early episode of rapid tectonic deformation and uplift of the northern Tibet.     

塔北喀拉玉尔滚断裂系构造特征及地质意义

喀拉玉尔滚断裂系位于塔里木盆地北部,是塔北系列北西向展布的断裂之一。为了研究喀拉玉尔滚断裂系性质以及对塔北构造格局的影响,通过野外考察以及地震剖面解释,得出喀拉玉尔滚断裂为一条北西向右旋走滑断裂,受挤压-剪切作用,伴生北喀、中喀和南喀3个雁列褶皱以及次级断裂,为典型走滑断裂展布形态。喀拉玉尔滚断裂带由古生界北西向构造带继承演化而来,曾经历古生代强烈挤压构造运动、中生代平静沉积、新生代斜冲运动3期构造作用,形成了现今地表构造样式。喀拉玉尔滚断裂带处在乌什-温宿构造单元和库车-塔北构造单元之间,对两侧变形、差异压缩起到调节作用。喀拉玉尔滚走滑断裂及其伴生构造的发育可能对油气的运移和聚集产生有利条件。     

转换断层及其地质意义——以阿尔金转换断层为例

转换断层按其“平移”段运动方向分为左旋与右旋 ;按其“平移”段两终端与之高角度相交的构造性质组合进一步分为伸展正断“调节”型转换断层、挤压褶皱 -冲断“调节”型转换断层及复合型转换断层。新生代以来 ,阿尔金断裂是“调节”青藏高原北缘西昆仑、祁连造山带挤压变形的构造 ,为新生代左旋挤压型转换断层。     

青藏高原隆升阶段性

 青藏高原的隆升不仅是印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞导致的地球内部岩石圈地球动力学作用过程的结果,并且对全球和亚洲气候变化、亚洲地貌和地表环境过程及大量地内和地表矿产资源的形成分布产生了深刻影响。因而研究高原隆升的历史不仅对解决上述重大科学问题提供重要途径,而且可为高原区域资源环境的开发和可持续发展提供理论依据。简要回顾和梳理了国内外近年来,围绕青藏高原隆升所取得的主要进展。研究表明新生代青藏高原经历了多阶段、多幕次、准同步异幅且高原南北后期加速隆升的演化过程。具体可划分为55~30、25~10及8~0 Ma 3个主要生长隆升期次。其中55~30 Ma的高原早期隆升,主要集中在高原中南部的拉萨地块和羌塘地块,并且可能隆升到接近3 km高度,或甚至更高,有人称之为“原西藏高原”,但其周缘存在准同步异幅的变形隆升响应;25~10 Ma的中期隆升,“原西藏高原”南北缘的喜马拉雅山和可可西里-昆仑山开始强烈隆升,“原西藏高原”率先隆升到目前高度并开始向东西两侧挤出物质、拉张形成南北向裂谷,高原北缘普遍产生广泛变形隆升但幅度有限;从约8 Ma开始的晚期隆升,高原南、北部边缘的喜马拉雅山和昆仑山-西秦岭以北的高原东北部隆升显著加速,经历一系列短暂快速的多幕次构造变形和生长隆升,最终形成现今高原面貌。     

Evidence for mechanical coupling and strong Indian lower crust beneath southern Tibet

How surface deformation within mountain ranges relates to tectonic processes at depth is not well understood. The upper crust of the Tibetan Plateau is generally thought to be poorly coupled to the underthrusting Indian crust because of an intervening low-viscosity channel. Here, however, we show that the contrast in tectonic regime between primarily strike-slip faulting in northern Tibet and dominantly normal faulting in southern Tibet requires mechanical coupling between the upper crust of southern Tibet and the underthrusting Indian crust. Such coupling is inconsistent with the presence of active 'channel flow' beneath southern Tibet, and suggests that the Indian crust retains its strength as it underthrusts the plateau. These results shed new light on the debates regarding the mechanical properties of the continental lithosphere, and the deformation of Tibet.     

Determination of the Altyn Tagh strike-slip fault basin and its relationship with mountains

A special extended basin topography is developed in the middle segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone. The ratio of its length to width is over 50. The long boundaries at the two sides of the basin are controlled by the straight normal faults with strike-slip component. Within the basin, the Cenozoic strata are spread. The Altyn Tagh main fault goes through the basin, and a series of strike-slip topography was formed within the basin. The reverse thrust structures were formed at the two sides of the center of the basin, thus making the geological bodies composed of old metamorphic rocks at the two sides of the basin extrude vertically，and forming the extended massif (mountain) at the sides of the basin and parallel to the basin. This special topography was called the strike-slip fault basin. The giant extended strike-slip fault basin began to form during Pliocene, and its topography was basically formed during the late Pleistocene. It is the special topography formed during the strike-slip deformation process of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone and under both transpression and uplifting.     

40Ar-39Ar ages of the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone near Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and their tectonic significance

The Louzidian normal fault occurs as the eastern detachment fault of the Kalaqin metamorphic core complex. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone developed in its lower-plate was genetically related to sinistral strike-slips and extensional faulting. Two samples from this ductile shear zone yield 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages of 133 Ma (Bi) and 126 Ma (Kp), which are concordant with their isochron ages. The plateau age of 133 Ma (Bi) records the formation age of the ductile shear zone. The inconsistent relationship between the earlier strike-slip ductile shear zone and the later normal fault makes the Kalaqin Quasi-metamorphic core complex distinctive from Cordilleran metamorphic core complex. These ages provide important geochronological data for putting constraints on the formation age and genesis of such ductile shear zones.     

40Ar-39Ar ages of the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone near Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and their tectonic significance

The Louzidian normal fault occurs as the eastern detachment fault of the Kalaqin metamorphic core complex. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone developed in its lower-plate was genetically related to sinistral strike-slips and extensional faulting. Two samples from this ductile shear zone yield ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar plateau ages of 133 Ma (Bi) and 126 Ma (Kp), which are concordant with their isochron ages. The plateau age of 133 Ma (Bi) records the formation age of the ductile shear zone. The inconsistent relationship between the earlier strike-slip ductile shear zone and the later normal fault makes the Kalaqin Quasi-metamorphic core complex distinctive from Cordilleran metamorphic core complex. These ages provide important geochronological data for putting constraints on the formation age and genesis of such ductile shear zones.