三维湍流流动计算在混流式转轮水力设计中的应用

根据实际工程的需要,对需在某具体水力参数下工作的水轮机转轮通过CFD的手段进行了转轮水力模型的设计与开发.设计过程中,基于RANS方程,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和有限体积法,对转轮内部的流动状态在某具体水力参数(含特征工况点)下,进行了全三维粘性流动的数值模拟;依据各工况下的模拟结果和分析其流态与流场分布情况的基础上,对初始设计出的模型转轮的翼型和叶片几何形状、尺寸做了进一步修正、改进;经性能预估验证,得到了水力性能良好的新的混流式转轮水力模型.文中采用结构和非结构化网格相结合的划分方法,不仅可行,而且还提高了网格质量和计算精度;用叶片正背面压力差表示叶片上压力分布的变化规律,可以更清晰地反映出叶片的作功情况.     

基于PRO/E的水力透平转轮实体建模的新方法

利用水力机械二元理论方法设计出一种低比转速混流式水力透平.鉴于采用其他三维造型方法给超低比转速混流式水力透平复杂的转轮叶片三维造型带来的较大误差,基于PRO/E 4.0的曲面处理能力,从叶片木模图提供的数据资料出发,将水平截面图中截线的前缘点与部分后缘点往外移动,采用读入点数据文件的方法建立叶片型面的空间样条曲线模型.为了实现实体模型的精确性,采用合并曲面的方法对叶片上冠、下环及进水边进行修型,构建出更精准的叶片空间型面,克服了以往利用木模图的二维线条直接生成转轮叶片而出现的不正常凹凸现象.利用该几何建模方法可以更进一步提高转轮内部流场数值计算、性能预测以及数控加工的准确性.     

用代数应力紊流模型预估水轮机转轮内部三维流场

以三峡水轮机组转轮内部流动研究为背景,基于雷诺时均方程和代数应力紊流模型,采用贴体坐标和交错网络系统,用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ算法对一比转速为２４０的混流式水轮机模型转轮内部三维紊流进行了数值模拟,得出了设计工况的流场特性,并初步分析了转轮的汽蚀和能量特性。结果表明,研制的程序可作为水轮机组转轮内部流场分析、数值试验和性能预估的工具。计算结果可为改进和优化转轮设计提供有益的参考资料。     

多级能量回收水力透平导叶的优化设计

为了提高多级能量回收水力透平的效率,对已有的(DCSGT250-175X9)多级能量回收水力透平模型的流道式导叶进行优化设计.通过对设计的流道式正导叶的压力和速度分布的分析,获悉影响正导叶压力和速度分布的关键因素是其翼型工作面出口段的圆弧半径,由此设计了圆弧半径分别为138、135、134mm的3种方案.通过对这3种正导叶方案的多级能量回收水力透平进行全流道三维湍流的定常数值模拟,分别得到其正导叶的压力和速度分布.经分析、比较可见,正导叶工作面出口段圆弧半径为134mm时的设计方案更符合该多级能量回收水力透平流态和流场分布的要求.据此,再按该透平设计流量要求,优化流道式导叶的外径,并依据数值模拟与性能预测的结果,设计出符合要求且性能较优的多级能量回收水力透平的导叶.导叶优化后的多级能量回收水力透平模型的最高计算效率提高了1.1%,平均效率提高了3.4%.     

叶片式水力机械水力设计模型研究

对叶片式水力机械的水力设计模型进行了深入的对比研究。结果表明：考虑来流有旋、叶片有限厚及叶片力作用的准三维和全三维设计模型与实际流动更为接近，设计的转轮叶片能够满足设计者给定的设计参数，提高了水力设计的可靠度，是水力设计的理想模型。     

海洋温差能发电透平设计及性能影响

 通过对海洋温差能发电向心透平气动部分进行设计,对其气动性能及喷嘴的影响进行模拟研究。采用经验参数和遗传算法对其进行一维参数设计,并通过三维造型得到透平气动模型。采用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术对透平的三维流场和性能进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在设计工况下透平的气动效率达到86.5%。在此基础上,对设计工况下的喷嘴-叶轮径向间隙和喷嘴叶片安装角进行分析,得到喷嘴-叶轮相对径向间隙为0.04左右,可变喷嘴安装角约为37°时,透平的效率最高。因此,在设计工况下,可通过对喷嘴-叶轮径向间隙和喷嘴安装角进行微调来得到更高的透平效率;在非设计工况下,可采用可调喷嘴来适应不同工况下的流动,使得透平在不同工况下均有较好的工作性能。     

三峡转轮内部流动的全三维欧拉解

水力机械内部流动非常复杂,是强三维流动,只有用三维数值方法计算才能获得比较满意的结果。本文对水轮机转轮内高度复杂的流动进行了三维无粘数值计算。计算建立在三维Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程基础上,速度场和压力场的求解方法为速度、压力修正算法即ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ算法,并且对固壁条件的给出提出了一种新的方法。最后对一真实的模型转轮进行了计算     

基于CFD灯泡混流式水轮机转轮水力设计的研究

将混流式水轮机的转轮应用于灯泡式机组中,介绍了这种灯泡混流式水轮机的基本原理,并采用CFD软件辅助进行了流网划分、流线绘制、轴面速度的计算及其曲线的绘制.在模拟内部流场的基础上,对90米水头段的转轮进行了水力设计与转轮型线的绘制,为水轮机转轮的水力设计提供了进一步的研究方法.     

大型泵站虹吸式出水流道三维紊流数值计算

利用RNGκε湍流模型,闭合定常不可压雷诺时均NS方程,采用有限体积法和非结构化网格,数值模拟了设计工况下某大型泵站虹吸式出水流道的内部三维流动,并分析了流道内部流态,对驼峰断面和出口断面的速度分布特性进行了定量计算.结果表明:流道的水力损失和阻力系数分别为0.204m和3.188×10-3,驼峰断面和出口断面的速度分布均匀度分别为73.9%和65.4%,实现了流道水力特性的预测,为虹吸式出水流道水力设计优化和模型试验研究提供了参考依据.     

双流道叶轮内部三维定常湍流数值模拟

对某双吸离心泵的双流道叶轮内部的定常三维湍流进行了全流道数值模拟以研究其内部流动规律。计算基于Reynolds时均Navier-Stokes方程,采用了标准k-ε湍流模型,压力速度耦合使用SIMPLE算法。计算得到了叶轮进口和水平截面的速度矢量图、叶片压力面和吸力面以及叶轮盖板的压力分布等值线图,并对其进行了分析。结果表明全流道计算可以较好地模拟双流道叶轮的内部流动,尤其是叶轮进出口的流动,并可对泵的外特性做出预估。计算结果有助于深入了解双流道叶轮内部流动机理,指导叶轮的水力设计。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.