清教主义对早期北美文学的影响

北美大陆被发现已有五百多年的历史,而它真正的历史,如果从独立战争末（1781年10月）算起,只有两百多年。在这短短两百年间,北美大陆从一片废墟发展成为了人人向往的圣地。它的经济、文化成为了世界主导,它的文学作品也照亮了世界文坛。这一切无不与北美人民的精神食粮——清教主义有关。正如佩里.米勒所说：＂如果我们不理解清教,可以说就不能理解美国。本文通过探讨清教主义的产生发展及其特点,浅谈清教主义对北美文学产生的影响。     

The Influence of Puritanism on American Values

一六二零年五月花号在新英格兰登陆,清教徒在北美大陆弗吉尼亚建立了第一个殖民地,随之带来的清教思想也在这片大陆扎根。在美国殖民时代,清教徒是移民主体,清教主义作为一种宗教理念,迅速的传播。清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。清教思想对北美殖民地的政治、经济、文化等方方面面产生了深远影响。清教主义不仅仅是一种宗教概念,也是一种观念,和一种生活方式,潜移默化的影响着美国的精神文化并对美国的主流价值观和美利坚民族性格的形成起到了重要作用。本文主要讨论受到清教思想影响下的美国价值观中的强调个人主义,勤劳致富,强烈的使命感,和重视教育。     

自由主义·清教思想——兼谈王立新《意识形态与美国外交政策》

立新教授认为美国的核心价值观是自由主义，然而，他却忽略了美国自由主义的根子在于清教思想。自由主义是清教在世俗层面的表达。清教作为内在、本质的部分，提供了自由主义价值上和道德上的源泉，并且规正和限制了自由主义，防止其腐化，这是美国信条的基本因素。立新教授从包罗万象的美国思想中求取出“自由”的中心，却把清教思想的内核丢弃了。     

自由主义·清教思想——兼谈王立新《意识形态与美国外交政策》

立新教授认为美国的核心价值观是自由主义，然而，他却忽略了美国自由主义的根子在于清教思想。自由主义是清教在世俗层面的表达。清教作为内在、本质的部分，提供了自由主义价值上和道德上的源泉，并且规正和限制了自由主义，防止其腐化，这是美国信条的基本因素。立新教授从包罗万象的美国思想中求取出“自由”的中心，却把清教思想的内核丢弃了。     

清教话语与美国文学中的神话象征

由17世纪北美清教徒文学形成的“美国清教文学传统”是美国文学传统的重要组成部分,虽然清教文学在本质上仍然是基督教文学的一个分支,从属于圣经文学传统,但美国清教文学在神话构建以及圣经话语使用中都注入了具有明显北美地域色彩的独特内涵,由此形成美国文学与其它基督教文学的显著区别。     

尤金·奥尼尔剧作之与清教主义刍议

尤金·奥尼尔在他的许多剧作中强烈地抨击了清教主义,揭露了清教主义对人性的腐蚀与毁灭,以及对人的本能欲望的压抑。清教思想也在影响着他的悲剧艺术创作,清教主义不仅仅是他剧作中的抨击对象,又有机地融入他的剧作成为其悲剧艺术中的一个独特的要素。     

《夜色温柔》中的清教历程——菲茨杰拉德对美国民族的道德观

美国作家菲茨杰拉德的小说《夜色温柔》中体现出作者所理解的清教主义对美国民族历史和社会文化中的影响。主人公个人的短暂一生恰恰是清教对美国民族影响的整个历史的缩影。作品中也体现出清教主义的道德力量的消失。     

高雅还是低俗？——小说《巴比特》中的美国文化批评

《巴比特》是美国著名作家辛克莱.刘易斯的代表作之一,它真实地反映了20世纪20年代以巴比特为代表的美国中产阶级商人的群体特征及其隐含的美国社会传统与文化。而高雅文化与大众文化的分野及其背后清教主义伦理道德的影响在巴比特身上得到了充分体现,且在20世纪20年代各种新文化泛滥的背景下,清教主义传统仍然在中产阶级群体中起着决定性的作用。通过巴比特这样一个典型人物的塑造,刘易斯充分、正确地反映了美国的民族特性。     

霍桑的清教情结

霍桑是19世纪美国浪漫主义的杰出代表，他以揭示清教背景下新英格兰的生活而著称。他的清教情结既源于社会的宗教氛围，也与其家庭背景和自身经历息息相关。本文探讨了清教的历史、霍桑复杂清教观的原由及其作品中的清教主题。     

清教伦理对美国商业启蒙的影响

清教徒因宗教迫害而迁移到北美大陆，同时也将他们的信仰一并带去。清教伦理的宗旨是通过荣耀上帝而得到自我救赎，因此它不单纯是一种信仰，更是一种生活方式。清教伦理强调个人主义，主张高效工作，毫不掩饰对利润的追求，无形中成为美国商业发展的精神源动力，完成了对美国商业的启蒙，为美国商业的形成和进步打下了坚实的精神基础。文章力图改变原来“经济基础决定上层建筑”的论证方式，从相反角度去诠释清教伦理对商业精神形成产生的重要作用．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to