富水砂卵石地层冻结孔钻进泥浆配比优化研究

在富水砂卵石地层地铁联络通道近水平冻结孔钻进时,因泥浆黏度低,稳定性差,护壁及润滑作用弱造成泥浆损失及钻头磨损严重、塌孔、卡钻和断杆等问题。为了优化富水砂卵石地层下冻结孔钻进泥浆配比,通过单因素试验以及响应面分析法中的Box-Benhnken(中心组和)正交试验方法进行试验设计与数据分析,得出适用于富水砂卵石地层冻结孔钻进泥浆优化配比。基于北京地铁12号线的工程应用表明：采用优化泥浆配比,即膨润土含量为7.18%,水解聚丙烯酰胺含量为0.20%,钠羧甲基纤维素含量为0.19%,硫酸铝的含量为0.03%时,泥浆黏度提高32%,泥皮厚度增加了20%,滤失量减少了30%,润滑系数减少了60%,冻结孔钻进泥浆主要性能指标明显改善,冻结孔打钻时的减阻效果显著,钻杆所受轴力平均减少15%,所受扭矩平均减少13%,泥浆的膨润土用量和回流损失量减少了30%,材料成本明显降低,未发生塌孔、断杆和卡钻等工程事故,冻结孔钻进效率及成孔质量明显提高。     

流砂地层中非开挖导向钻进泥浆的试验研究

针对泥浆漏失严重导致流砂层孔壁失稳,非开挖导向钻进难以成孔的问题,研制了一种腐植酸钠泥浆,通过正交试验,得到各成分对泥浆漏斗黏度和失水量的影响趋势和最佳泥浆配方,并通过最佳泥浆配方护壁效果试验,证实该泥浆护壁效果好,且失水量很少.     

越江泥水盾构隧道泥浆改性及泥膜渗透性状试验研究

为指导越江泥水盾构隧道施工过程中的泥浆性质动态调节，以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)和粉细砂为主要调控材料，对不同配比泥浆进行密度、黏度、胶体率测试，并基于API滤失试验研究各配比泥浆的滤失性状及泥膜的渗透特性.结果表明：钠基膨润土-粉细砂-CMC泥浆体系具有良好的分散性，泥浆胶体率普遍在98%以上；对于生成泥皮+渗透带型的砂砾地层，虽然通过掺加粉细砂可有效堵塞地层，减小滤失量，但其形成的泥膜渗透系数和滤失量则相对较大；对于需要快速在开挖面形成泥皮型泥膜的地层，增加CMC的掺量可以有效减小泥膜形成时的滤失量，降低泥膜渗透系数；但CMC掺量过大后所成泥膜孔隙比增大，结构疏松，渗透系数反而呈增长趋势.施工过程中可结合实际需求对泥浆性质进行动态调整，以保障泥水盾构掘进和开舱安全.     

顶管废浆成分对混凝沉降的影响试验研究

泥水顶管施工中产生大量废浆,废浆中不仅残存着前序泥浆配置时的掺加剂,还残存着顶进地层中混入的某些物质,这导致废浆成分复杂,目前这些成分对泥浆混凝沉降特性的影响未知。针对此问题,该文配置了不同梯度的膨润土、NaCl、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）及聚阴离子纤维素（PAC）废浆,研究了成分对废弃泥浆混凝沉降特性的影响。研究发现,膨润土由于其阳离子交换特性,将其掺入泥浆后会导致泥浆沉降效果的恶化,当膨润土含量大于4%时,废弃泥浆几乎不发生沉降。NaCl、CMC及PAC由于各自电性中和、絮凝架桥的特性,将其掺入泥浆后泥浆沉降特性相较于基料膨润土泥浆均有不同程度的改善,其中CMC组泥浆经CPAM处理后仅需300 s即可使浓缩泥层含水率降至114%。基于研究结果,文章对泥浆配置与废浆处理两个方面进行了讨论,以期为同类工程带来参考及借鉴。     

后注浆桩技术应用研究

结合工程实例,通过对泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩采用后注浆技术,明显增强单桩竖向承栽力事实的分析,得出了以下结论：把后注浆技术引用到桩基工程中,采取对桩端及桩侧实施压力注浆措施,解决桩底沉渣和桩侧泥膜影响桩基承载力的问题,从而达到增强桩基承栽力、缩短工期、减少工程造价的目的。     

基于正交试验的泥浆絮凝因素分析

泥浆与絮凝剂的作用受到膨润土、Na_2CO_3、CMC、砂、重晶石等常用成份制约,采用正交试验方法安排多因素多水平试验,采用单因素分析及公示评分分析两种方法阐述泥浆成份对絮凝效果的影响程度。提出了不同考察指标时絮凝剂的最优选型。结果表明若重点以分离出液体的清净度和滤产率为考察指标时,选择粘度较大的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺效果较好;砂对泥浆各项絮凝结果起积极作用,重晶石对控制水质清净度起促进作用;膨润土、Na_2CO_3是影响絮凝效果的两个重要因素,CMC为第三因素。     

富水粉细砂地层中护壁泥浆材料配比的优化

地下连续墙在以淤泥、粉细砂层地质为主,地下水丰富的江浙沪地区施工时,因传统护壁泥浆携砂能力过剩而造成废浆率大、沉渣厚和成墙质量差等问题。为有效提高地连墙施工质量,开展了低固相地连墙泥浆配制试验研究,通过优选增粘组分、成膜粉体助剂和膨润土,制备匀质性好、滤失量低、泥膜致密和携沙能力适中的工程用地连墙护壁泥浆,掌握了低固相地连墙护壁泥浆制备工艺等关键技术。基于苏州地铁8号线的工程应用表明：利用该工艺制备的低固相地连墙护壁泥浆沉渣厚度低于100mm、泥浆循环使用损耗率低于20%、成墙质量得到明显提升。     

咸水环境下泥水盾构泥浆配比试验研究

在水下盾构掘进过程中出现带压开舱检修情况时,如何在高渗透性地层形成质量较好的泥膜从而保证开挖面稳定,是保障工程安全与进度的重要前提。以青岛地铁跨海段隧道掘进工程为依托,自主设计试验装置开展咸水泥浆配比及渗透成膜试验,并设置淡水泥浆作为对照组。采用控制变量法和析因分析法研究膨润土、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、碳酸钠等不同制浆材料引起的泥浆相对密度和黏度变化对泥浆滤水量的影响。试验结果表明:在咸水泥浆中,随着膨润土含量的增加,泥浆相对密度变大,可以显著降低泥膜的滤水量,增加CMC含量可以提高泥浆黏度从而更易成膜,对本工程咸水环境高渗透性砂土地层而言,采用相对密度为1.18～1.23 g/cm~3、黏度25～30 s的配制方案,可取得良好的成膜效果。     

顶管隧道膨润土泥浆对地层扰动影响的离心机实验研究

为了探究顶管隧道膨润土泥浆的减阻机制及其性能对地层扰动的影响规律,结合地层和膨润土泥浆的特点,对顶管隧道施工过程中摩擦阻力和地层沉降的产生机制进行了理论分析;采用岩土离心模型实验手段对该机制进行了验证;自主研发了适用于离心模型实验的顶管注浆模拟系统,可以采用不同的泥浆材料与配合比等进行实验研究．通过对实验结果与“减阻泥浆套”现象分析,总结了泥浆黏度、失水量等对地层扰动的影响规律．这些成果在今后类似的工程中具有极好的参考价值．      

黄土地区两种成孔工艺钻孔灌注长桩承载力性状对比研究

旋挖钻孔灌注桩和泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩是近年来黄土地基中广泛使用的桩基形式。本文通过黄土地基中旋挖钻孔灌注长桩和泥浆护壁钻孔灌注长桩静栽荷试验和桩身应力的测试，分析了黄土地基中两种成孔工艺钻孔灌注长桩桩身轴力的传递规律、桩侧阻力及桩端阻力的发挥性状，探讨了两种成孔工艺对钻孔灌注长桩承载力的影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-