石化装置9Cr—1Mo钢炉管焊接接头的回火脆性

利用热模拟“阶冷”和等温脆化等试验方法,对９Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢炉管焊接接头粗晶区的回火脆性进行了研究。试验结果表明,ＳＲ自理时,９Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢炉管焊接接头粗晶区对回火脆敏感,其敏感温度范围为４５０－５５０℃,但当炉管在高温下长期工作时对回火脆性不敏感。     

基于晶界偏聚理论的应力与回火脆化作用的机理

应用平衡晶界偏聚理论模拟了应力与回火脆化相互作用后的杂质元素P的晶界偏聚过程,通过俄歇电子能谱试验对模拟计算结果进行验证,理论计算与试验结果的一致性表明:应力降低了杂质元素P的扩散系数,在无应力、468℃回火脆化处理过程中,杂质元素P的扩散系数为1.62×10-20m2/s,而在146.68MPa拉应力作用下,杂质元素的扩散系数降低为1.28×10-20m2/s;应力对2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆化具有一定的阻碍作用,且这种作用随着回火脆化程度的增加而逐渐增大,二者满足Δcp(S)=0.002exp(cp/0.292)+0.053关系.     

氢对步冷前后2（1／4）Cr—1Mo压力容器钢韧脆转变行为的影响

研究了2(1/4)Cr-1Mo压力容器钢步冷前后氢对韧脆转变的影响及冲击载荷下氢脆与回火脆的关系.结果发现:氢使回火脆化前后韧脆转变温度升高,氢的作用大小与回火脆倾向有关,最后提出韧脆转变模型,对两脆化的作用进行了分析.     

Auger电子能谱分析方法及其在2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆性中的应用

介绍了Auger电子能谱（AES）分析方法、分析原理和试验过程，并对主要试验参数进行了讨论。同时，基于AES分析方法，对加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo钢及其在步冷脆化和修正步冷脆化状态下进行AES分析试验。结果表明，2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆化机理是杂质原子P在晶界偏析所致，材料加速脆化的机理是材料中杂质原子P在晶界上不断偏析所致。     

加氢反应器在役挂片的回火脆性分析

对两块随加氢反应器运行了近５×１０４ｈ的带焊缝的２１４ＣｒｌＭｏ钢试板进行了试验，以了解加氢反应器实际操作工况对２１４Ｃｒ１Ｍｏ钢的时效作用。拉伸试验结果表明，母材和焊缝金属的抗拉性能没有劣化；母材制带人工裂纹缺陷的小容器爆破试验结果表明，试板母材的综合机械性能良好，仍有足够的韧性储备；试板母材与焊缝金属的冲击试验表明，母材仍具有较高的韧性，而焊缝金属已明显脆化；脱氢和脱回火脆处理的焊缝金属的冲击试验结果揭示了焊缝金属脆化是由回火脆化造成的，扫描电镜观察也证明了这一点     

低碳高强度钢的组织结构与回火马氏体脆化

低碳高强度钢25Si2Mn2CrNiMoV在450℃回火状态下产生回火马氏体脆性.本文重点研究了这种钢回火马氏体脆化与钢的组织结构间的关系,提出了碳化物——残余奥氏体——杂质元素交互作用引起回火马氏体脆化的简单模型.     

石化装置9Cr1Mo钢炉管焊接接头的回火脆性

利用热模拟、“阶冷”和等温脆化等试验方法,对９Ｃｒ１Ｍｏ钢炉管焊接接头粗晶区的回火脆性进行了研究。试验结果表明,ＳＲ处理时,９Ｃｒ１Ｍｏ钢炉管焊接接头粗晶区对回火脆性敏感,其敏感温度范围为４５０～５５０℃,但当炉管在高温下长期工作时对回火脆性不敏感。炉管不预热焊接时粗晶区的韧性优于预热２００℃时的韧性。试验还证明,工作应力对粗晶区回火脆性的影响不大。     

钒对于钢的回火脆性敏感度的影响

很多结构用钢都有回火脆化的缺点,为了消除这个大的缺点金属学者和热处理工作者作了很多的研究工作,但是直到现在这个问题还研究得很不透澈,不但是对这现象本质缺乏统一的和有根据的认识,而且对於与回火脆化有关的一些因素的影响也存在着杂乱甚至矛盾的看法。     

应力作用下2.25Cr-1Mo钢中磷的晶界偏聚

对加氢反应器随炉运行试样在146.67MPa的作用应力下,分别进行125、200和400h的等温回火脆化试验,然后对试验后试样进行俄歇电子能谱分析试验(AES),得到有、无应力下杂质元素P原子的晶界偏聚量.结果表明:有应力作用下的P原子的晶界偏聚量要比无应力下的要低,且冲击试样的断口形貌与晶界P原子的偏聚结果相一致.导致加氢反应器材料2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆化主要原因是P原子在晶界偏聚所致,而作用应力对杂质P原子的偏聚有一定的影响,并且起到抑制作用,且随着保温时间的增加,这种作用不断加强.     

低碳粒状贝氏体钢强韧化机理的探讨

对 1 4SiMn3Mo低碳贝氏体钢的强韧性及组织作了研究 .结果表明 :该钢连续空冷后 ,组织为粒状贝氏体 ,韧性差、屈强比低 .经 30 0℃回火可获得良好的强韧性配合 ,而经40 0 - 50 0℃回火产生回火脆性 .根据回火过程中显微组织及残余奥氏体稳定性等方面的变化 ,探讨了粒状贝氏体钢的强韧化机理及回火脆化原因     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-