MCM-22/MCM-41与ZSM-5/MCM-41复合分子筛汽油降烯烃性能的对比分析

对纳米组装法合成的MCM-22/MCM-41和ZSM-5/MCM-41复合分子筛采用N2吸附脱附、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶红外光谱等方法进行孔结构和酸性质表征.以催化裂化(FCC)汽油为原料,通过对固定床加压连续微反装置上2种复合分子筛反应产物的组成变化与组分分布进行对比分析,考察其降烯烃反应特点和规律,初步推测二者的降烯烃反应机制.结果表明:ZSM-5/MCM-41复合分子筛具有较高的异构化反应活性;MCM-22/MCM-41复合分了筛表现出非常高的芳构化反应活性和较好的降烯烃活性,可使汽油中的烯烃含量降低84.34%,并使其液相产物呈现相对轻质化的趋势.     

金属元素改性后的液化石油气制芳烃催化剂性能评价

利用X射线衍射和红外光谱分别表征了金属元素改性的HZSM-5分子筛液化石油气芳构化催化剂,并且在反应温度510 ℃、进料空速0.25 h-1和系统压力0.1MPa的条件下,利用100 mL固定床实验装置考察了改性金属元素种类、改性金属元素含量和双金属元素改性对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经锌或锌-铝改性后物相基本没有变化,但是改性后催化剂B酸中心减少,L酸中心明显增加,并出现新的芳构化活性中心.在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上,液化气芳构化的芳烃收率比HZSM-5催化剂提高22%,并且催化剂的稳定性明显改善;Zn-Al/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂不仅能进一步提高液化气芳构化的芳烃收率,还能有效延长催化剂的使用寿命;当Zn-Al/HZSM-5催化剂上锌含量为2.0%～4.0 %,铝含量为2.0%～3.0%时,催化剂表现出最好的活性及稳定性.     

金属元素改性后的液化石油气制芳烃催化剂性能评价

利用X射线衍射和红外光谱分别表征了金属元素改性的HZSM-5分子筛液化石油气芳构化催化剂,并且在反应温度510 ℃、进料空速0.25 h-1和系统压力0.1MPa的条件下,利用100 mL固定床实验装置考察了改性金属元素种类、改性金属元素含量和双金属元素改性对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经锌或锌-铝改性后物相基本没有变化,但是改性后催化剂B酸中心减少,L酸中心明显增加,并出现新的芳构化活性中心.在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上,液化气芳构化的芳烃收率比HZSM-5催化剂提高22%,并且催化剂的稳定性明显改善;Zn-Al/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂不仅能进一步提高液化气芳构化的芳烃收率,还能有效延长催化剂的使用寿命;当Zn-Al/HZSM-5催化剂上锌含量为2.0%～4.0 %,铝含量为2.0%～3.0%时,催化剂表现出最好的活性及稳定性.     

庆阳石化公司降低汽油烯烃含量的技术措施

庆阳石化公司通过优化装置操作、采用新型催化剂和异构化、芳构化汽油改质、催化轻汽油醚化、MTBE工艺相结合的技术,实施催化裂化装置汽油降烯烃技术改造,以最小的投资、最短的时间解决了生产清洁汽油的质量问题,为同等规模炼油厂探索出了一条可行之路。     

裂解汽油在ZSM-5沸石上的芳构化

采用连续流动反应装置,考察了裂解汽油在HZSM-5与金属元素改性的HZSM-5上的芳构化反应,发现锌改性后提高了液体产物中芳烃的收率。为了克服裂解汽油中含硫含焦杂质的影响,提出了获取芳烃的有效工艺:蒸馏除焦-加氢预脱硫-氢气氛下芳构化反应-冷凝产物。用氨吸附的程序升温脱附法,将催化剂的酸性质与其催化芳构化作用进行关联,认为Zn改性后的HZSM-5催化剂具有较温和的酸中心,可能是其芳构化高活性与高选择性的原因。     

室温离子液体对催化裂化汽油的降烯烃性能研究

研究了[BmIm]Cl-AlCl3室温离子液体对催化裂化汽油的降烯烃性能.结果表明,在温度为40℃,反应时间为20 min和剂油比为15的条件下,催化裂化汽油烯烃含量下降14.70%,辛烷值基本不变,离子液体可重复使用.离子液体的超强酸性能对汽油中的低碳烯烃与异构烷烃的烷基化、与芳烃的Fridel-Crafts烷基化以及烯烃自身的二聚反应起到催化作用,从而达到降烯烃的目的.     

氨水改性纳米HZSM-5对其甲烷无氧芳构化性能影响

对不同浓度氨水改性前后纳米HZSM-5的物化性质进行研究,考察氨水改性纳米HZSM-5对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷无氧芳构化反应(MDA)性能的影响。用不同浓度的氨水改性纳米HZSM-5,采用SEM,BET,XRD,NH3-TPD和TG等分析手段,对改性前后HZSM-5的形貌、表面酸性以及积碳进行表征。利用自行搭建的固定床试验装置,考察改性前后催化剂在催化MDA反应时的催化效果。结果表明:氨水通过对纳米HZSM-5的表面以及孔道进行刻蚀,一方面能够改变HZSM-5的孔性质;另一方面能够调变HZSM-5的酸性;氨水改性有效的降低了Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的积碳失活速率,提升了Mo/HZSM-5催化剂在MDA反应中的稳定性。     

炼厂气在Sb/HZSM-5沸石分子筛催化剂上芳构化的研究

本文对综合利用炼厂气以扩大芳烃来源探索了一条新的途径。研究用氧化锑改性HZSM-5与沸石分子筛催化剂对炼厂气芳构化催化活性的影响,以及活化温度和反应温度对产物分布的效应,并对炼厂气(主要是C_4、烃类)在Sb/EIZSM-5沸石分子筛健化剂上芳构化过程作了初步探讨。实验结果表明,炼厂气可作为制备芳烃的原料。在活化反应温度500℃,空速为60ml/min,总芳烃平均收率为92%,C_6—C_8芳烃收率为77%,液态非芳烃含量为7.5%,     

室温离子液体对催化裂化汽油的降烯烃性能研究

研究了[BmIm]Cl—AlCl3室温离子液体对催化裂化汽油的降烯烃性能。结果表明，在温度为40℃，反应时间为20min和剂油比为1：5的条件下，催化裂化汽油烯烃含量下降14．70％，辛烷值基本不变，离子液体可重复使用。离子液体的超强酸性能对汽油中的低碳烯烃与异构烷烃的烷基化、与芳烃的Fridel—Crafts烷基化以及烯烃自身的二聚反应起到催化作用，从而达到降烯烃的目的。     

利用Prins缩合反应降FCC汽油中烯烃研究

通过1-己烯和三聚甲醛模拟体系考察Prins缩合反应降烯烃的性能,比较大孔阳离子交换树脂Amberlyst-35、DFHS-6、分子筛H-Y和负载型离子液体BsMIMHSO 4/sg的催化活性,选择Amberlyst-35为该反应的催化剂,研究甲醛来源、催化剂用量、1-己烯/三聚甲醛物质的量配比、反应温度、反应压力以及反应时间对反应的影响。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为催化剂用量为原料的4%,1-己烯/三聚甲醛物质的量配比为1∶1.5,反应温度105℃,反应压力1.5 MPa,反应时间4 h;在最佳工艺条件下,用质量比为1∶7的三聚甲醛与FCC汽油反应,可使FCC汽油中烯烃质量分数从25.1%降至12.2%,且反应后产品的辛烷值略有下降。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.