CO_2/CH_4在干酪根中竞争吸附规律的分子模拟

选取有机质作为研究对象,构建干酪根模型,采用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)方法和分子动力学方法(MD)研究不同摩尔分数、不同压力下CH_4和CO_2的气体的竞争吸附行为以及吸附引起的干酪根本体形变。结果表明:CH_4和CO_2单组分吸附时吸附量随着压力的增大而增大,CO_2吸附会在较小的压力时达到饱和,两种气体吸附符合Langmuir吸附规律,可以使用Langmuir方程进行拟合;在相同的压力和温度下,CO_2/CH_4吸附选择性会随着CO_2摩尔分数的增大而减小,CO_2更易被干酪根吸附;干酪根与CO_2有较强的相互作用,干酪根中不同的原子对吸附起着不同的作用;低压阶段吸附是引起体积应变的主要原因,高压阶段压力对体积应变发挥明显作用。     

含水量对干酪根中多组分气体吸附和扩散的影响：分子模拟研究

应用Materials Studio(MS)软件构建了3种不同含水量(水分子质量分数0%、3%、5%)的干酪根模型,基于巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)和分子动力学(MD)方法对不同含水量干酪根模型中多组分气体(CH_4、CO_2和N_2)竞争吸附、扩散规律以及吸附体系的总能量变化进行了研究。结果表明:随着干酪根中含水量的增加,纳米孔隙中水分子毛细凝聚效应增强,多组分气体在干酪根中的吸附量及扩散系数均降低。当吸附体系中吸附质分子数增加时,体系释放的能量逐渐增大而总能量减小,增加含水量会抑制体系总能量减小。升高温度会抑制多组分气体的吸附而促进多组分气体的扩散,反之增大压力能够促进多组分气体的吸附而抑制其扩散。由于气体吸附数量与分子动力学直径成反比,在竞争吸附中,CO_2的存在会大幅降低干酪根对CH_4和N_2的吸附。同温同压下,CH_4、CO_2和N_2在含水干酪根中的吸附量以及平均等量吸附热大小关系均为CO_2CH_4N_2,而扩散系数大小关系为CO_2CH_4N_2,扩散活化能的大小关系为CO_2CH_4N_2。研究从微观角度揭示了多相(气相和液相)、多组分气体(CH_4、CO_2和N_2)在页岩干酪根中的竞争吸附和扩散特性,其结论可为页岩气的高效开采提供一定的理论依据。     

页岩气在有机质中吸附规律的分子模拟研究

甲烷(CH_4)在页岩有机质中的吸附行为对页岩气的开采有重要的意义,选取有机质作为研究对象,构建I型干酪根模型,采用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(Grand Canonical Ensemble Monte Carlo,GCMC)方法和分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics,MD)方法研究不同温度、不同压力下CH_4气体在Ⅰ型干酪根中的吸附行为.结果表明:(1)CH4气体吸附时吸附量随着压力的增大会增大,CH_4气体吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)吸附规律,可以使用Langmuir方程进行拟合;(2)温度对CH_4的吸附有着较大的影响,高温不利于CH_4气体在干酪根中的吸附,相同的平衡压力下,温度越高,吸附量越小;(3)径向分布函数表明干酪根中不同的原子对CH_4气体的吸附起着不同的作用;(4)在低压阶段,吸附是引起体积应变的主要原因,在高压阶段,压力则对体积应变发挥明显作用.     

温度对超临界CO_2置换CH_4的影响

为研究超临界CO_2置换CH_4过程中温度对置换效果的影响,以屯留煤样为研究对象,借助ISO-300型等温吸附仪对煤样进行了不同温度(35、45、55℃)、相同注入压力(12.7 MPa)条件下的CO_2置换解吸CH_4试验。研究结果表明:置换解吸过程中,超临界CO_2吸附相体积分数随着温度升高而增加,随压力降低而增大,CH_4吸附相体积分数呈相反变化趋势;超临界状态下,试验直接测得的气体吸附量为Gibbs吸附量,气体真实吸附量与压力之间符合Langmuir吸附曲线,且与Gibbs吸附量的差值随压力的升高而增大;试验压降范围内,温度为35℃条件时,CH_4气体单位压降解吸率最高,显示出温度接近临界温度时,超临界CO_2置换效果最佳。     

注CO2提高页岩气采收率实验研究

注CO_2提高页岩气采收率(CO_2-ESGR)是一种既可以提高CH_4采收率,又可以实现CO_2安全封存的技术,研究CH_4和CO_2在页岩上的动态吸附有助于更好理解CO_2-ESGR的动力学机制.以页岩样品为研究对象,利用高压吸附仪进行了不同温压条件下的吸附动力学实验.结果表明,CH_4和CO_2在页岩上的动态吸附均分为初期的快速吸附和后期的吸附平衡阶段,整个过程中气体的过剩吸附量和吸附速率都随压力增大而增大,随温度升高而减小.温度的升高虽然加快了气体的扩散,但却降低了气体的吸附量,总的结果是降低了气体在页岩上的吸附速率.当压力小于5 MPa时,CO_2在竞争吸附中占据优势,有利于CO_2-ESGR的实施.同时,利用准一级动力学模型计算了吸附速率常数,结果与实验结果相吻合.     

基于绝对吸附量的页岩吸附CH_4和CO_2的热力学特征

为从热力学角度揭示陆相页岩对CH_4和CO_2的吸附机理,选取鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩进行不同温度下的CH_4和CO_2等温吸附实验,分析了过剩吸附量与绝对吸附量的差异,进而利用Clausius-Clapeyron方程研究了基于不同类型吸附量的吸附热力学特征。研究结果表明:绝对吸附量大于过剩吸附量,二者差值随温度升高而减小,随压力升高而增大,且吸附气为CO_2时,二者差值较CH_4大;采用过剩吸附量获得的等量吸附热明显偏高,并存在低吸附量阶段的负值现象,应当采用绝对吸附量计算等量吸附热;等量吸附热与吸附量间满足线性正相关,且吸附CH_4的等量吸附热大于CO_2,吸附CH_4和CO_2的绝对初始等量吸附热分别为52.04和27.71 kJ/mol,说明延长组页岩对CH_4的吸附作用力较强。     

CO2在页岩中的吸附解吸性能评价

利用自主设计的页岩中气体吸附解吸实验装置,在不同温度和压力条件下研究CO2在不同页岩中的吸附解吸性能。结果表明:CO2在页岩上的等温吸附曲线属于典型的Ⅰ型等温曲线,可采用Langmuir模型对吸附及解吸数据进行拟合;相同温度下,CO2在页岩中的吸附量随着压力的升高而增大;相同压力下,CO2在页岩中的吸附量随着温度的升高而减小;相同温度压力条件下,CO2解吸过程中存在解吸滞后现象,且解吸附曲线表征的最大吸附能力低于吸附曲线表征的最大吸附能力;CO2在页岩上最大吸附量随有机碳含量增加而增大,随石英含量增加而减小。     

聚醚酰胺CH_4/N_2气体分离膜

为了有效分离CH_4与N_2以提高煤层气的利用率,用溶剂挥发法制备了聚醚酰胺(Pebax3533)气体分离膜.通过红外光谱,差示扫描量热仪以及原子力显微镜对膜结构进行了表征,并考察了不同压力、温度条件下CH_4、N_2单气体渗透性能以及0.1 MPa、25℃条件下混合气的体积分数变化情况.结果表明:随温度升高,CH_4与N_2单气体的渗透性都增大,而CH_4/N_2选择性降低;随压力增大,CH_4与N_2单气体的渗透性都减小,而CH_4/N_2选择性提高.经过膜分离后的混合气,N_2的体积分数由80%降低到61.7%,而CH_4的体积分数则由20%提高到38.3%,达到煤层气发电应用要求.     

糖厂锅炉烟道气吸附过程数值模拟

使用Aspen Adsorption对经过预处理的锅炉烟道气进行吸附过程数值模拟,通过对文献中静态吸附数据进行吸附等温线常数的估算,建立了烟道气的单塔吸附模型。模拟得出了CO_2的吸附穿透曲线和吸附塔内不同时刻的轴向负载分布,其穿透曲线、吸附量的变化趋势基本与文献上一致。在Langmuir1吸附模型下,比较了不同压力、温度、CO_2的传质系数、吸附剂的堆积密度和颗粒直径对CO_2吸附过程的影响。结果表明:CO_2在200 kPa和298.15 K下的穿透时间为110 s,吸附量为1.2×10~(-5) kmol/kg;操作压力在100～500 kPa时,随着压力的增大穿透时间增大、吸附量增大;操作温度在278.15～338.15 K时,对CO_2的穿透曲线影响较小,基本随着温度的增大,穿透时间减小;传质系数在0.1 s~(-1)左右时,对CO_2的穿透曲线影响较大,但在1 s~(-1)左右时对穿透曲线影响较小;吸附剂堆积密度在600～900 kg/m~3时,随堆积密度的增大,穿透时间增大;吸附剂颗粒直径在1～4 mm时,基本不影响CO_2穿透曲线。     

黏土矿物微观孔隙对甲烷吸附行为的分子模拟

为了研究黏土矿物对CH_4的吸附规律和页岩储层对CH_4的最小储集空间界限,利用Materials Studio软件构建三种黏土矿物伊利石、蒙脱石和高岭石的微观模型,运用蒙特卡洛方法和分子动力学方法,研究在不同压力、不同孔径空间下三种黏土矿物对CH_4的吸附规律。结果表明:随着孔径和压力的增大,CH_4气体在三种黏土矿物层间的吸附量逐渐增大;不含水的黏土矿物对CH_4的最小储集空间为0. 4 nm,三种黏土矿物对甲烷的吸附能力随孔隙大小的变化而不同;随着孔径的减小或压力的增大,CH_4气体在三种黏土矿物孔径中吸附越稳定;随着孔径的增加,CH_4气体在黏土矿物孔径中出现多层吸附;三种黏土矿物中吸附的CH_4分子之间的距离均大于0. 075 nm,距离CH_4分子0. 125 nm处出现另一个CH_4分子的概率最大。研究结果对页岩气赋存特征和渗流规律具有重要基础认识作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.