表面小裂纹热锻模的疲劳寿命分析

基于材料自由表面特性并考虑微观结构非均匀性,根据金属疲劳裂纹萌生的微细观过程理论,建立材料表面塑性应变分布模型。由于局部塑性变形在萌生可分辨疲劳小裂纹的循环周次中占主导地位,本文将局部应力应变法应用于热锻模表面小裂纹扩展分析,选取表面最大塑性应变作为出现热机械疲劳裂纹的预测依据,计算的热锻模使用寿命与实践结果相吻合,能基本预测热锻模寿命。该模型为表面强化工艺能提高热锻模的疲劳强度提供了理论依据。     

基于动载荷谱的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命预测

为了探讨齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命计算问题,将齿轮疲劳总寿命分为两个阶段,即疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展寿命。通过 ADAMS 软件仿真实验齿轮的工作情况,使其接近真实状况,得到齿轮载荷谱。根据齿轮载荷谱,利用有限元ANSYS 软件分析在齿轮齿根危险截面处的最大应力。采用断裂力学、雨流法和 Miner 疲劳损伤累积模型,对考虑动载荷情况下的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命进行预测,推导了齿根裂纹萌生期和扩展期的疲劳寿命计算公式。在高频疲劳试验机上对算例齿轮进行了双齿脉动加载齿根弯曲疲劳寿命实验研究,理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,验证了本文理论分析的正确性。     

基于动载荷谱的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命预测

为了探讨齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命计算问题,将齿轮疲劳总寿命分为两个阶段,即疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展寿命.通过ADAMS软件仿真实验齿轮的工作情况,使其接近真实状况,得到齿轮载荷谱.根据齿轮载荷谱,利用有限元ANSYS软件分析在齿轮齿根危险截面处的最大应力.采用断裂力学、雨流法和Miner疲劳损伤累积模型,对考虑动载荷情况下的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命进行预测,推导了齿根裂纹萌生期和扩展期的疲劳寿命计算公式.在高频疲劳试验机上对算例齿轮进行了双齿脉动加载齿根弯曲疲劳寿命实验研究,理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,验证了本文理论分析的正确性.     

含缺陷涡轮盘的实际使用寿命计算方法

粉末冶金工艺流程中引入的微缺陷在循环载荷作用下易成为疲劳裂纹萌生点,导致涡轮盘实际使用寿命低于设计使用寿命从而引发灾难性事故。在目前工艺水平无法完全避免粉末冶金缺陷的情况下,为保证我国商用航空发动机能够取得适航认证并进入国际市场,发展并建立含缺陷涡轮盘的实际使用寿命计算方法是十分必要的。在有限元应力分析基础上,根据裂纹附近的周向拉伸应力计算应力强度因子;然后依据Pairs公式,采用逐次循环累加的方式逐步更新裂纹长短轴与裂纹中心坐标来模拟裂纹扩展过程,最后以临界断裂韧度为失效判据建立了含缺陷涡轮盘的实际使用寿命计算方法。以含缺陷一级涡轮盘为对象的实例分析表明,该方法能够根据超声波探伤检测结果计算出含缺陷涡轮盘在发生破裂前的实际使用寿命,以及缺陷形状、尺寸及应力强度因子随飞机起落循环数的变化曲线。使用三维有限元裂纹扩展模拟进行了校核计算,发现本文方法得出的寿命结果偏于保守(相对误差2.82%),且计算效率方面有明显优势。     

摩擦型高强螺栓单面搭接连接微动疲劳裂纹寿命研究

摩擦型高强螺栓连接件在土木工程领域应用广泛,采用10组连接件疲劳试验结合有限元分析得到了其疲劳寿命及裂纹扩展路径.由于疲劳破坏本质上是裂纹萌生和扩展的结果,故将疲劳寿命分为裂纹萌生和扩展寿命两部分.基于螺栓连接件的裂纹扩展三维有限元模型,运用Python语言实现了初始裂纹的自动扩展,获得了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命.进而,基于有限元分析和疲劳寿命试验结果对萌生寿命FFD_(max)-N_i模型中的参数进行了识别.由此发展了一种基于裂纹扩展的高强螺栓连接件疲劳寿命预测方法,据此计算的总寿命分布于两倍误差分散带内,具有较好的精度.     

基于损伤力学的疲劳全寿命数值预估方法

疲劳失效是影响结构件使用安全的主要问题,对疲劳寿命进行准确预测具有重要的工程意义。基于采用平均应力修正的损伤力学演化模型,结合有限元法建立了同时考虑裂纹萌生与扩展的疲劳全寿命数值预估方法。为了验证该方法,开展了不同应力水平下铝合金开孔板试样疲劳试验与疲劳数值模拟。结果表明,基于所建立的疲劳数值分析方法能够有效预测开孔板裂纹扩展过程及疲劳全寿命,预测寿命误差带在两倍以内。     

抽油杆表面裂纹扩展寿命可靠性分析

在拉伸载荷的作用下,以Paris公式为基础,考虑几何修正系数f与裂纹尺寸a的内在关系,结合分段数值积分方法计算抽油杆裂纹扩展寿命,并应用Monte Carlo法计算不同类型表面裂纹扩展寿命可靠度.计算结果表明,在其他条件相同情况下,把裂纹处理为受深度比、纵横比两个参数控制的椭圆裂纹比仅受深度比控制的圆弧裂纹和直裂纹适应性更强;带有环形裂纹的抽油杆最先断裂;断裂力学中将各个参数作为确定值计算得到的临界裂纹扩展寿命不够准确,可能导致部分抽油杆还未达到临界裂纹扩展寿命就发生断裂.     

基于夹杂-细晶粒区-鱼眼疲劳失效的超长寿命预测模型

本文旨在研究夹杂-细晶粒区-鱼眼诱发疲劳失效的超长寿命预测模型.基于Cr-Ni-W合金钢疲劳试验结果,结合局部应力-寿命法和位错-能量法,分别构建了局部裂纹萌生寿命模型(LCIL)和考虑夹杂及细晶粒区影响的裂纹萌生寿命模型(IFCIL),并与Tanaka-Mura模型(T-M)进行了对比分析.其次,分别对细晶粒区内的小裂纹扩展行为和细晶粒区外鱼眼内的长裂纹扩展行为进行建模,最终形成了包含裂纹萌生和扩展在内的全寿命预测模型.结果表明,考虑夹杂及细晶粒区影响的裂纹萌生寿命模型(IFCIL)有较高的预测精度;对应细晶粒区的裂纹萌生寿命几乎等同于全寿命;裂纹扩展寿命仅占据全寿命很小的一部分;预测结果全部处于2倍偏差以内,即全寿命模型可有效地用于夹杂-细晶粒区-鱼眼诱发失效的超长寿命预测.     

油气管线裂纹型缺陷的疲劳寿命预测

利用文献数据,采用Paris公式计算和分析含轴向表面裂纹的油气输送用X60管线钢的疲劳裂纹扩展过程,通过对比含裂纹缺陷油气输送管的全尺寸实物疲劳试验结果,对所采用的基于失效评定图技术的含裂纹缺陷管道疲劳寿命预测方法的计算结果进行了间接的试验验证.结果表明,含缺陷管道的疲劳寿命数值计算结果与试验结果相吻合,采用小试样测试结果经Newman法修正后进行油气输送管道的疲劳寿命计算和分析是可行的.     

铁路钢桥节点既有腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命

为评估服役中铁路钢桥由于环境腐蚀作用产生初始裂纹后的剩余疲劳寿命,对列车行走荷载作用下铁路钢桥节点横梁处在环境腐蚀形成初始裂纹后的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行研究。以铜九(铜陵—九江)线鄱阳湖铁路钢桥为背景,基于子模型法的多尺度建模方法,运用通用有限元软件建立铁路钢桥整体壳体模型和节点横梁处含初始裂纹的精细网格划分的实体模型,获得了在列车行走荷载作用下铁路钢桥节点横梁处的精确动应力响应;基于断裂力学的四参数Forman公式对铁路钢桥在4种不同初始裂纹长度下的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行了评估与对比,并对有无环境腐蚀作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行了对比分析。结果表明:基于子模型法的壳-实体多尺度建模方法既可以满足大型复杂结构在数值计算过程中的计算效率,又能够满足评估疲劳寿命计算所需的精确动力响应要求,可以精确评估铁路钢桥腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命;铁路钢桥既有腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命主要产生在小裂纹扩展阶段,计算得到0.5mm初始裂纹扩展到10mm时需要循环484 509次,占总扩展寿命的50.2%;铁路钢桥疲劳裂纹扩展寿命受环境腐蚀的影响非常大,其比无腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命降低79%左右。研究结果可为预测疲劳裂纹发展趋势、评估铁路钢桥剩余寿命和评定结构的安全性与运营能力提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.