Effects of diffusion time and diffusion gradient strength on the mean diffusivity of water molecules in healthy human brain

Diffusion time and diffusion gradient strength are two important parameters of pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) that is the most commonly used method in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. However, the effects of the diffusion time on the mean diffusivity (MD) in previous studies are controversial. In this study, a new experimental protocol was designed to evaluate the effects of the two parameters on the results of PGSE. It was found that MD decreased significantly with the increased diffusion time or increased diffusion gradient strength, which cannot be explained by the previous theories. Through theoretical analysis, we found the flaw in the pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) method, which is the explanation for the controversial results of diffusion time obtained by others.     

永磁磁共振扩散加权平面回波成像涡流伪影校正

研究了涡流对永磁磁共振扩散加权平面回波成像的影响,提出了一种针对永磁磁共振成像系统的涡流补偿算法,并对扩散加权EPI序列由于剩余涡流引起的相位误差提出了一种补偿方法.在0.35T永磁型磁共振成像系统上对算法进行了验证,不同的梯度方向经过涡流预加重补偿后,涡流最少也会降至未补偿前的1/15.对涡流补偿和未补偿的模体扩散加权EPI图像进行了比较,经过两次补偿后,图像几何畸变会降低5%,图像伪影会降低1/3.实验结果表明,所提出的算法可以有效抑制因涡流引起的扩散加权EPI伪影及畸变.     

慢性酒精中毒性脑病磁共振及功能性成像分析

目的探讨慢性酒精中毒性脑病磁共振及功能性成像改变.方法总结32例慢性酒精中毒性脑病的患者,分别进行磁共振常规平扫、磁共振弥散成像、磁共振波谱成像分析.结果 32例患者均有不同程度的精神异常,表现为脑萎缩、脑白质脱髓鞘.磁共振弥散成像为高信号,表观扩散系数ADC图为低信号,磁共振波谱成像显示病变部位氮乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)以及胆碱(Cho)显著减低.结论磁共振及其功能性成像对酒精性脑病的诊断、判断治疗及预后评价具有重要价值.     

DW、T2W EPI序列在诊断出血性和非出血性脑梗死中的作用

目的：了解DW和T2W平面回波磁共振成像在诊断急性出血性脑梗死以及区别出血性和非出血性脑梗死中的作用。方法：应用单次激发三向同性DW/T2W FSE和常规T1W SE序列对36例病人进行MR扫描，其中有18例非出血性梗死的病人，18例出血性梗死的病人。测量感兴趣区（ROI）及对侧相应解剖部位的表面弥散系数（ADC）值及T2W信号强度值，由此计算相对ADC（rADC），T2W EPI和FSE T2W相对信号强度比（rSIR）。结果：（1）急性出血性和非出血性脑梗死病灶都表现出ADC的降低；（2）急性出血性脑梗死在T2W EPI上呈低信号或高低混杂信号，而急性非出血性脑梗死在T2W EPI和FSE T2W上表现正常或稍高信号；（3）急性期及亚急性期非出血性脑梗死都表现出DWI的高信号或不均匀高信号，发病4h之内的出血性病灶表现为DWI的高信号，而发病6～48h之内的出血性病灶DWI表现为低信号或高低混杂信号；（4）出血性脑梗死中病灶处ADC的降低会比非出血性脑梗死持续得更久。结论：结合三向同性DWI和T2W EPI MR成像能够比常规MRI更准确地检测和鉴别出急性出血性和非出血性脑梗死。     

对称归一化配准的多图谱大脑扩散张量图像分割

基于磁共振T1成像的全脑区分割方法及其在临床上的应用已经有较为广泛的研究,磁共振扩散张量成像凭借其在脑白质神经纤维束成像上的优势,近年来围绕扩散张量成像的理论和应用研究发展很快,针对扩散张量成像的脑区分割研究就成为一个必须要解决的问题.图像配准是精确实现脑区分割的重要技术步骤,传统的配准方法未考虑到图像的形变大小对配准...     

Retrievals of atmospheric boundary layer temperature and moisture profiles by using Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer （AERI） measurements in Shouxian

The ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radi- ance Interferometer （AERI） was deployed in Shouxian, China in 2008 to measure down-welling infrared radiances with high resolution. Based on AERI observations, we propose a new method for retrieving vertical temperature and water vapor profiles in the planetary boundary layer （PBL）. The method exclusively uses NCEP-2, a global reanalysis data as a first-guess profile in an iterative recursive algorithm. The PBL profiles of temperature and moisture under clear sky conditions in Shouxian have been retrieved using this new method. Compared with coinci- dent radiosonde measurements, we find that AERI is able to obtain more accurate temperature and water vapor pro- files in the PBL. The retrieval results with high temporal resolution can be used to monitor the PBL stability and evolution.     

弥散加权磁共振成像技术在恶性肿瘤早期疗效评价及N分期的应用

 近10 年来,功能磁共振成像被广泛应用于研究恶性肿瘤治疗疗效早期评价以及良恶性淋巴结的鉴别.弥散加权磁共振成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)技术是功能磁共振成像的一种,是目前唯一应用于临床的可测量人体内水分子扩散运动的方法.它通过测量活体组织内的水分子弥散运动,从而为早期评价患者对治疗的反应、良恶性淋巴结的鉴别提供重要信息.本文综述了功能磁共振尤其是弥散加权磁共振成像在恶性肿瘤早期疗效评价及淋巴结良恶性鉴别的研究进展,认为弥散加权磁共振成像技术作为一种无创性的功能成像检查方法,通过其高分辨率以及功能成像的特点在以上两方面已经显示出较PET/CT 更大的优势,具有相当大的发展前景.     

基于MQ-RBF-FD求解对流扩散方程的二阶算法

提出一种新颖的二阶算法求解对流扩散方程，空间离散使用多二次元局部的径向基函数（MQ-RBF-FD）方法结合维数分裂方法，时间离散采用交替迭代格式结合二阶向后微分（BDF2）方法。找到合适的迭代数目，选择最优的形状参数c,最终获得高阶精度。提供了2个数值例子，验证了二阶算法的合理性和可行性。     

基于MQ-RBF-FD求解对流扩散方程的二阶算法

提出一种新颖的二阶算法求解对流扩散方程，空间离散使用多二次元局部的径向基函数（MQ-RBF-FD）方法结合维数分裂方法，时间离散采用交替迭代格式结合二阶向后微分（BDF2）方法。找到合适的迭代数目，选择最优的形状参数c,最终获得高阶精度。提供了2个数值例子，验证了二阶算法的合理性和可行性。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振（Urn）扩散加权成像（DWI）在诊断鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发诊断中的价值。方法收集经病理证实的鼻咽癌放疗后复发患者36例和放疗后坏死患者24例,均接受常规MR[检查和DWI检查,分析DWI表现,并对两组患者的表观扩散系数（ADC）进行比较。结果放疗后复发组在DWI多表现为高信号,而放疗后坏死组多表现为低信号;放疗后复发组和坏死组ADC平均值分别为（0．87±0．13）×10^-3mm^2／s和（1．12±0．18）×10^-3mm^2／s,差异有统计学意义（t=3．782,P〈0．001）。结论DWI对鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值,可作为常规MRI序列的重要补充。     

基于CSA和MCMC方法融合HMRF的脑部MRI自动分割研究

针对脑部磁共振(MR)图像分割问题,提出了一种基于克隆选择算法(CSA)和隐马尔可夫随机场(HMRF)的融合方法。首先,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡尔(MCMC)算法对类标签进行估计,进行体素分类;然后,对分割结果进行偏场校正;最后,利用CSA的统计学进行HMRF模型参数估计,并利用迭代优化算法获得最终的分割结果。由于MCMC和CSA都是全局优化技术,所以HMRF-CSA算法能够克服传统HMRF方法的局部收敛以及较低分割精度的缺点。在仿真脑部MR图像集BrainWeb上的实验结果表明,对于主要脑部结构,本文算法的分割精度高于其他几种算法,且对图像伪影具有鲁棒性。     

基于紧束缚密度泛函方法水模型的优化

利用Boltzmann反演迭代方法,对电荷自洽的紧束缚密度泛函(SCC-DFTB)方法中水模型参数进行优化.结果表明:经Boltzmann反演迭代方法修正后的水模型可更好地吻合实验结果;水分子的扩散系数更接近实验值.     

ZP-OFDM系统中基于信号子空间迭代拟合的盲信道估计

介绍了一种用于ZP-OFDM系统的基于子空间拟合的盲信道估计算法,该算法采用信号子空间迭代拟合技术代替了传统的噪声子空间信道估计中奇异值分解获取子空间进行估计信道。仿真表明,在低信噪比下该算法获得了比传统的噪声子空间信道更优的估计性能,更接近ZP-OFDM盲信道估计的CRB（Cram6r-Raobound）。     

饱和多相流体孔隙介质内部磁场梯度的探测

饱和流体孔隙介质中存在的内部磁场梯度会对孔隙介质的核磁共振产生显著影响,提出了一种基于（T2int,D）二维核磁共振方法计算饱和多相流体孔隙介质内部磁场梯度的方法,可以计算饱和水以及油水多相流体的孔隙介质中内部磁场梯度．数值模拟与实验测量表明,该方法计算的饱和流体孔隙介质内部磁场梯度是有效的．     

小波复扩散及在DTI图像恢复中的应用

扩散张量图像中广泛存在的赖斯噪声会给张量计算和脑白质追踪等带来严重的影响.为了减少噪声影响,采用小波复扩散方法对多通道扩散加权图像进行了恢复.小波复扩散滤波方法即在小波域中进行复扩散.该方法能够有效消除噪声影响而且具有较好的边缘保持特性.采用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和信号均方差之比（SMSE）来定量地评估本滤波器消除赖斯噪声的性能.基于模拟和真实数据对张量场的表面扩张系数等进行了计算并进行了人脑白质纤维追踪.把去噪方法和多通道小波方法以及复扩散方法进行了比较,实验结果表明本滤波方法具有良好的去噪性能.     

Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles

The use of contrast agents and tracers in medical imaging has a long history. They provide important information for diagnosis and therapy, but for some desired applications, a higher resolution is required than can be obtained using the currently available medical imaging techniques. Consider, for example, the use of magnetic tracers in magnetic resonance imaging: detection thresholds for in vitro and in vivo imaging are such that the background signal from the host tissue is a crucial limiting factor. A sensitive method for detecting the magnetic particles directly is to measure their magnetic fields using relaxometry; but this approach has the drawback that the inverse problem (associated with transforming the data into a spatial image) is ill posed and therefore yields low spatial resolution. Here we present a method for obtaining a high-resolution image of such tracers that takes advantage of the nonlinear magnetization curve of small magnetic particles. Initial 'phantom' experiments are reported that demonstrate the feasibility of the imaging method. The resolution that we achieve is already well below 1 mm. We evaluate the prospects for further improvement, and show that the method has the potential to be developed into an imaging method characterized by both high spatial resolution as well as high sensitivity.     

Rapid spin-lattice relaxation time mapping incorporating flip angle calibration in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 （DESPOT1） is a rapid spin-lattice relaxation constant （T1） mapping technique in magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. However, DESPOT1 is very sensitive to flip angle （FA） inhomogeneity, resulting in T1 inaccuracy. Here, a five-point DESPOT1 method is proposed to reduce the sensitivity to FA inhomogeneity through FA measurement and calibration. Phantom and in vivo experiments are performed to validate the technique. As a result, a rapid and accurate T1 mapping is acquired by using the proposed five-point DESPOT1 method.     

阿尔茨海默病DT-MRI脑图像的识别

利用脑部的扩散张量磁共振图像(d iffus ion tensorm agnetic resonance im ag ing,DT-M R I),探索对阿尔茨海默病计算机辅助诊断方法,提出了一种线性识别方法。对9例阿尔茨海默病患者和9例正常人脑部在1.5 T磁共振成像系统上作DT-M R I扫描。测量胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部和海马的表观扩散系数和各向异性分数。对这些参数进行了统计,以训练识别器。用留一法估算,得到识别正确率为83.33%。结果表明,DT-M R I图像可以反映阿尔茨海默患者脑部的受损情况,该识别方法能为阿尔茨海默病的临床诊断提供帮助。     

Graph Regularized Sparse Coding Method for Highly Undersampled MRI Reconstruction

The imaging speed is a bottleneck for magnetic resonance imaging( MRI) since it appears. To alleviate this difficulty,a novel graph regularized sparse coding method for highly undersampled MRI reconstruction( GSCMRI) was proposed. The graph regularized sparse coding showed the potential in maintaining the geometrical information of the data. In this study, it was incorporated with two-level Bregman iterative procedure that updated the data term in outer-level and learned dictionary in innerlevel. Moreover,the graph regularized sparse coding and simple dictionary updating stages derived by the inner minimization made the proposed algorithm converge in few iterations, meanwhile achieving superior reconstruction performance. Extensive experimental results have demonstrated GSCMRI can consistently recover both real-valued MR images and complex-valued MR data efficiently,and outperform the current state-of-the-art approaches in terms of higher PSNR and lower HFEN values.     

基于自一致性的磁共振并行成像高效重构算法

磁共振并行成像技术能够显著地减少成像时间,然而高质量的图像重构比较困难.为了提高重构图像的质量,基于自一致性的SPIRiT框架,提出了一种高效的重构算法.该算法针对一个含有数据一致性、校准一致性和联合稀疏性正则项的复杂优化问题,首先将该问题简化成一般性最优化问题;再使用算子分离算法将其分解成一个梯度计算问题和一个可通过软阈值法求解的去噪问题;最后,再使用加速方案对算法进行加速.实验结果表明,当加速因子为8时,采用所提出的新算法的重构图像比采用POCS算法的重构图像的SNR提高约2.4,dB,且重构时间也节约了约30%.对于要求高质量重构图像的场合,所提出的算法能够满足需求.