低温脂肪酸甲酯乳化油掺水量对雾化特性的影响

冷启动一直是柴油发动机的一个问题,为改善冷启动阻碍燃油着火及不完全燃烧的问题,以FAME-水乳化油为研究对象,研究了乳化油在低温(263 K、268 K、273 K)下不同混合比例(含水量5%、10%、15%)的喷雾特性,低温和含水量对雾化特性的影响,并与较高温度(283~323 K)作比较,以提供解决冷启动有价值的见解。结果表明:乳化油在较低温条件下,由于表面张力较大使得液滴不易发生破碎,燃油雾化效果差。同时随着乳化油含水量的增加,索特平均直径SMD明显减小,但喷雾液相贯穿距、锥角变化不大。随着燃油温度的升高,液相贯穿距减小,而喷雾锥角在增大,油温313K之后雾化效果较好,同时SMD减小也较为明显。     

含稀相粒子的纳米燃油喷雾特性模拟研究

为了探究稀相纳米异质粒子对燃油射流喷雾特性的影响,基于纳米燃油喷雾可视化试验结果,应用计算流体力学软件建立含稀相纳米粒子的燃油喷雾模型,依据试验结果验证模型的准确性,并通过该模型研究喷油压力、环境温度和粒子质量浓度对CeO_2纳米燃油的喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明:在相同喷射压力下,不同喷雾发展时刻,纳米燃油的油束贯穿距和索特平均直径(Sauter mean diameter, SMD)比柴油的大,喷雾锥角比柴油的略小。随着喷射压力提高,纳米燃油与柴油在喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和SMD上的差异增大,且差异与纳米粒子质量浓度呈正相关。当射流环境温度上升时,纳米燃油与柴油在喷雾贯穿距和SMD上的差异均有所增加,且在高温环境下,纳米燃油的贯穿距和SMD会逐渐比柴油的小,纳米粒子质量浓度越高,该现象越明显,而喷雾锥角的差距有所减小。     

环境和燃油温度对丁醇/柴油混合燃料喷雾影响的模拟分析

根据喷雾可视化试验的结果,利用AVL Fire软件建立了正丁醇柴油喷雾的计算模型,并验证了模型的准确性。再利用该模型研究正丁醇柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性,模拟了油束的发展过程,计算了环境和燃油温度对混合燃料喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明:在背压一定时,随环境温度的升高,油束初始速度增加,喷雾贯穿距增加,锥角减小;索特平均直径(SMD)先减小,在达到一定温度后随温度升高,喷雾初期又有所增大,后期趋于一致;随着燃油温度升高,N25喷雾贯穿距逐渐减小,SMD在喷雾初期随油温增加逐渐减小,随着喷雾的进行逐渐趋于一致。     

环境和燃油温度对丁醇／柴油混合燃料喷雾影响的模拟分析

根据喷雾可视化试验的结果,利用 AVL Fire软件建立了正丁醇柴油喷雾的计算模型,并验证了模型的准确性。再利用该模型研究正丁醇柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性,模拟了油束的发展过程,计算了环境和燃油温度对混合燃料喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明：在背压一定时,随环境温度的升高,油束初始速度增加,喷雾贯穿距增加,锥角减小;索特平均直径（SMD）先减小,在达到一定温度后随温度升高,喷雾初期又有所增大,后期趋于一致;随着燃油温度升高,N25喷雾贯穿距逐渐减小,SMD在喷雾初期随油温增加逐渐减小,随着喷雾的进行逐渐趋于一致。     

空气喷射量对空气辅助喷射喷雾特性的影响

利用激光粒度仪分析了空气辅助喷射喷雾索特平均直径(Sauter mean diameter,SMD)的变化规律,并且分别在定容弹及光学发动机上开展了喷雾特性(喷雾锥角和贯穿距离)的试验研究,引入喷雾半锥角(α角和β角)的概念用以分析在有进气气流时空气喷射量对喷雾特性的影响.结果表明,增加空气喷射量可以改善燃油的雾化效果,特别是当喷雾燃空比γ小于0.8时,喷雾的SMD会有明显降低;在定容弹内空气喷射量的增大会使喷雾锥角减小,但对贯穿距离的影响不大;在光学发动机内由于进气气流的影响,空气喷射量的增加会使喷雾锥角增大,贯穿距离变小,同时喷雾锥角随时间的变化趋势也明显不同于定容弹内的试验结果.     

直喷条件下正戊烷闪急沸腾喷雾特性试验

利用纹影法在定容弹中,在不同的试验条件下,进行了正戊烷闪急沸腾喷雾特性试验.通过对喷雾图像的拍摄及处理,分析了燃油温度、环境背压、喷油压力对闪急沸腾喷雾的影响.试验结果表明,发生闪急沸腾时,离散液滴数量增多,液滴直径减小,随燃油温度的提高或者随环境背压的减小,喷雾贯穿距先减小后增大,喷雾锥角和喷雾面积先增大后减小;随喷油压力的增大,喷雾贯穿距增大,锥角及喷雾面积均增大;在燃油温度从293,K变化到363,K,环境背压从30,k Pa变化到100,k Pa,以及喷油压力从5,MPa变化到10,MPa的过程中,喷油压力对喷雾贯穿距影响最大,环境背压次之,燃油温度最小;环境背压对锥角的影响最大,燃油温度次之,喷油压力最小;喷油压力对喷雾面积影响最大,环境背压次之,燃油温度最小.     

直喷汽油机自由-撞壁喷雾可视化台架开发及试验

介绍了直喷汽油机可视化喷雾及其撞壁实验装置与控制系统,详细阐述了高压供油系统的设计、直喷汽油机喷油器驱动模式以及喷雾控制系统.基于该可视化装置研究了不同喷油压力和环境压力下喷雾贯穿距与喷雾锥角的变化、不同环境压力下喷雾发展与燃油浓度的变化以及不同撞壁角度和距离下喷雾撞壁特性.试验结果表明,随着喷油压力增加,喷雾贯穿距与喷雾锥角均增大;随着环境压力增加,喷雾贯穿距减小而喷雾锥角增大.此外,75°撞壁角度较60°撞壁角度更加有利于撞壁后喷雾发展和燃油雾化.开发的可视化喷雾及其撞壁试验装置与控制系统能够可靠而稳定地运行.     

高压共轨燃油喷射雾化特性的数值预报

利用FLUENT软件,采用WAVE破碎及标准kε湍流模型,对高压燃油喷射雾化过程进行数值模拟研究;在可视化实验平台上,借助高速摄影技术,结合C#语言开发的图像处理软件,分析得出宏观喷雾特性。采用数值模拟方法获得了各种工况下的喷雾贯穿距和锥角等宏观特性的发展规律。研究结果表明:仿真结果与试验结果较吻合。喷射压力越大,喷雾贯穿距越大,喷雾锥角越小;背压越大,喷雾贯穿距越小,喷雾锥角越大;随着喷射时间的增加,单位时间内贯穿距离和喷雾锥角的增加幅度都呈逐渐减小的趋势。     

含水乙醇多孔直喷喷油器喷雾特性试验研究

含水乙醇在具有现有燃料乙醇优点的同时,还可以降低生产过程中的能源消耗和排放。应用高速摄像机和定容弹系统,在五孔直喷汽油喷油器上研究体积分数95%的含水乙醇在不同燃油温度和喷射背压下的喷雾特性,分析其喷雾形态、贯穿距、喷雾锥角、喷雾宽度、喷雾投影面积及闪沸现象,并与纯汽油的喷雾特性进行对比。研究结果表明：含水乙醇喷雾处于冷态射流状态时,贯穿距大于汽油并随背压升高而降低、油温升高而升高;喷雾锥角小于汽油,并随着背压升高而减小;在完全闪沸状态下,喷雾坍塌成单束油束,喷雾贯穿距明显增长,喷雾锥角明显减小,在靠近喷孔区域喷雾宽度增加,远离喷孔区域喷雾宽度减小,此时喷雾投影面积主要受喷射背压影响。     

乙醚掺混对汽油喷雾发展和蒸发特性影响研究

为开发汽油压燃(GCI)发动机可靠冷启动技术,采用实验和数值模拟结合方法研究了汽油、乙醚及其掺混燃料(掺混比为10%～50%)在不同工况下的喷雾发展及蒸发特性。结果表明,可视化实验及数值模拟获得的喷雾宏观形貌及液相截面落点分布结果吻合良好,且随着乙醚掺混比例的增加,喷雾贯穿距离与喷雾锥角增加幅度最高分别可达20%、10%,喷雾的粒径略有减小,但喷雾的蒸发程度明显增大;基于挂滴法开展的燃料液滴蒸发特性实验证实了乙醚掺混对于掺混燃料的蒸发具有显著促进作用;相同工况下,不同掺混百分比的掺混燃料的蒸发速率均先增大后减小,相比于汽油能够更快达到峰值,并且随着乙醚掺混比的提高,燃料喷雾蒸发速率得到了明显提高。结合实验与模拟研究结果,认为通过掺混高活性的乙醚,在提高汽油燃料雾化质量的同时,能够大幅提升燃油的蒸发速率,从而帮助提高缸内可燃混合气的形成质量,有望克服GCI发动机冷启动性能差的缺点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.