HTR-10 蒸汽发生器密度波不稳定性分析

１０ＭＷ高温气冷实验堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）的蒸汽发生器为直流型、小盘管组件式结构,盘管弯曲半径小,工作压力为中压范围,由此而带来两相流体流动的不稳定性问题是ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器研究的主要问题。介绍了用Ｋｈａｂｅｎｓｋｙ等方法分析ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器的密度波不稳定性。分析了入口欠热度、入口节流度、加热功率、质量流量、系统压力、热负荷及出口蒸汽干度等对ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器密度波脉动的影响。分析表明在ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器设计工况下不会发生密度波脉动。     

低密度流体冲刷下螺旋管束的振动行为

在西安交通大学风洞台架上，针对２００ＭＷ高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器设计参数所建立的实验模型，研究了蒸汽发生器中螺旋管管束在横向低密度流体冲刷下的振动行为。针对发生流体弹性不稳定现象时的临界流速；不同螺旋半径上相邻管的相互影响；同一螺旋半径上、下游管的相互影响等问题作了讨论。获得的结果对高温气冷堆氦气蒸汽发生器的设计提供了依据，同时亦为螺旋管束的诱发振动理论计算和理论模型的建立提供实验依据。     

快堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的热工水力分析模型

针对钠加热的螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器建立了一个稳态的蒸汽发生器分析模型，根据所建模型编制了数值计算程序。该程序用于计算快堆蒸汽发生器的热工水力分布参数，分析其冷却剂的稳态流动特性及热量传输特性。利用此程序对法国４５ＭＷ模型蒸汽发生器进行了计算，其结果与发表的实际数据吻合很好。     

HTR-10蒸汽发生器试验回路及其水动力特性分析

１０ＭＷ高温气冷堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）蒸汽发生器的两相流动稳定性问题是设计中必须考虑的问题，文中分析了ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器恒热流和强迫循环一次热源的静态水动力特性。论述了用恒热流所得判别各类稳定性准则作为Ｈｅ加热的ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器设计依据是不足的。有必要进行Ｈｅ加热ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器工程模型两相流稳定性试验。还介绍了ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器工程模型试验回路及本体，以及在该试验回路上预期达到研究成果。     

螺旋管内气液两相流动和传热特性的研究

螺旋管式换热器和蒸汽发生器已经在动力、核电站、化工、石油等工程领域里得到广泛的应用,成为一种十分重要的传热设备.螺旋管式换热器,由于其本身结构、流动和传热特点,己愈来愈受到人们的重视.为了对螺旋管式换热器和蒸汽发生器提供正确的设计和计算方法,需要对气液两在螺旋管内的流动和传热进行深入的研究.目前,对于以工程应用为目的、以高压蒸汽——水系统为对象的研究工作还十分少,缺乏供工程实际应用的试验数据,对于气液两相在螺旋管内流动和传热特性以及机理的了解也很不够.本文分五个方面对螺旋管内气液两相流动和传热特性进行理论分析和试验研究.     

用频域控制理论分析HTR-10蒸汽发生器流动不稳定性

１０ ＭＷ高温气冷实验堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）蒸汽发生器是管内直流蒸汽发生器，且工作压力为 ４． ０ ＭＰａ，流动不稳定性必须给予重视。本文应用频域控制理论研究 ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器两相流密度波不稳定性，对蒸汽发生器的传热和流动建立了数学模型，利用线性微扰原理和Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换推导出闭环系统的特征方程，应用频域控制理论中的Ｎｙｑｕｉｓｔ稳定性定理判断系统的稳定性，在此基础上编制了ＡＤＩＳ程序，并应用此程序分析ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器的稳定性。结果表明，ＨＴＲ－１０蒸汽发生器在设计负荷下是渐近稳定的。     

HTR-10直流蒸汽发生器动态特性的仿真研究

研究蒸汽发生器的动态特性 ,可以为控制系统的分析设计提供依据 ,提高它的运行水平。为此 ,建立了 1 0 MW高温气冷堆 (HTR- 1 0 )蒸汽发生器的动态模型 ,较全面地反映了在功率运行范围内螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器的分布性、非线性及动态特性。在此基础上进行了详尽的仿真 ,结果表明 ,该模型的静态仿真值与静态设计值及实验值相符合 ;仿真动态过程符合热工水力学及其定性机理分析结果。这些结果对于设计蒸汽发生器的控制系统具有非常重要的意义。     

螺旋管束流体弹性不稳定的解析模型

本文根据螺旋管束流动诱发振动的实验研究结果，及冲刷螺旋管阵流场的观测结果，提出了一种螺旋管束流体弹性不稳定的解析模型，获得了螺旋管束流体弹性不稳定分析所需的流体力系数，给出了螺旋管束拽力方向静力不稳定分析的解析表达式。解析模型与实验结果符合良好。     

高温气冷堆示范工程螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器工程验证试验

研发一种新型蒸汽发生器必须进行一定规模的工程验证试验。清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院在其实验基地建设了高温气冷堆示范工程(HTR-PM)螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的工程验证试验回路(engineering test facility for steam generator, ETF-SG)。工程验证试验回路能够模拟HTR-PM运行参数,可对HTR-PM蒸汽发生器一个换热组件进行1∶1的工程验证试验。回路设计热功率10 MW,氦回路设计压力8 MPa,最高设计温度800℃,二回路设计压力18 MPa,最高设计温度600℃。在工程验证试验回路上针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器完成了几十项热工水力试验,对蒸汽发生器的温度均匀性、堵管后温度分布及其温度展平调节、热工水力瞬态特性、两相流不稳定性等进行了试验研究,验证了HTR-PM螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的热工水力和结构设计,并为其调试、运行、低功率及启停工况参数的确定提供了重要数据和参考。     

螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工流体力学二维模型

为了解螺旋管中流动工质的热工水力特性 ,分析螺旋流动中离心力的作用 ,在一维模型的基础上 ,添加了横向动量守恒方程 ,发展为二维数学模型。在守恒方程中直接计算离心力项 ,流型划分、传热和流动阻力结构关系式中不需采用 De数 (Re d/ D)进行修正 ,传热和流动阻力计算可直接选用直管的经验关系式。针对清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院建造的 HTR- 10中所采用的小螺旋管式蒸汽发生器编制程序 ,进行稳态计算 ,计算结果与实验结果误差在 10 %以内。二维数学模型可以从理论上分析离心力的作用及热工水力参数分布的非轴对称性     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.