MAP kinase specifically mediates the ABA-induced H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> generation in guard cells of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in regulating adverse physiological processes, including stomatal closure, seed development and germination, and mediating many environmental stress responses, such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures[1,2]. In re-sponse to various stress stimuli, ABA synthesis is in-creased in plant cells, which triggers a series of physio-logical responses to adapt the stress conditions[1—3]. For example, under water deficit, ABA acts directly on…     

拟南芥CARK5激酶响应脱落酸信号的研究

为了研究拟南芥脱落酸（Abscisic acid，ABA）受体的翻译后修饰，本研究以能够磷酸化ABA受体的激酶CARK5作为研究对象，通过构建了转基因株系来检测CARK5在ABA信号途径中的功能.结果显示： CARK5能够促进ABA介导的抑制种子萌发、幼苗的形态建成以及主根的生长，但是过表达激酶失活型CARK5m（CARK5N250A）则跟突变体cark5表型类似.拟南芥中过表达CARK5增强植株抗旱性；ABA处理后，ABA响应标记基因RAB18表达量增加.这些结果说明，CARK5通过可以磷酸化ABA受体，正调控ABA信号通路.     

Osmotically stress-regulated the expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 in Arabidopsis

Gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 (ATGPX3) in response to osmotic stress was analyzed in Arabidopsis using ATGPX3 promoter-glucuronidase (GUS) transgenic plants. High levels of GUS ex- pression were detected under osmotic stress in ATGPX3 promoter-GUS transgenic plants. Compared with the wild type, the growth and development of ATGPX3 mutants (atgpx3-1) were more sensitive to mannitol. In addition, the expression of RD29A, ABI1, ABI2 and RbohD in atgpx3-1 was induced by ABA stress. These results suggest that ATGPX3 might be involved in the signal transduction of osmotic stress.     

Involvement of NADPH oxidase NtrbohD in the rapid production of H2O2 induced by ABA in cultured tobacco cell line BY-2

The mechanisms for the production of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） induced by abscisic acid （ABA） were investigated in suspension culture cells of tobacco BY-2 cells. The results showed that the immediate generation of H2O2, which was mainly derived from super-oxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide radical, was significantly induced by ABA. Furthermore, treatment of the cultured tobacco cells with ABA resulted in a time-dependent quick increase in plasma membrane （PM） NADPH oxidase activity, which coin- cided on time and magnitude with the elevation in ABA-induced accumulation of H2O2. Moreover, these enhanced effects were pro- nouncedly inhibited by two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, diphenylene iodonium and imidazole, suggesting that PM NADPH oxidase is involved in the rapid accumulation of H2O2 in cultured tobacco cells. In addition, analysis of the expression level of NtrbohD, a PM NADPH oxidase gene in tobacco, by RT-PCR and protein gel blot revealed that the gene at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated by ABA, indicating that NtrbohD participates in the ABA-stimulated rapid production of H2O2 in tobacco culture cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that ABA induces the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase in sus-pension culture cells of tobacco, and that NADPH oxidase and H2O2 appear to be important components in ABA signal transduction pathway in plants.     

Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells

Drought is a major threat to agricultural production. Plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought, triggering a signalling cascade in guard cells that results in stomatal closure, thus reducing water loss. ABA triggers an increase in cytosolic calcium in guard cells ([Ca2+]cyt) that has been proposed to include Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. However, direct recordings of Ca2+ currents have been limited and the upstream activation mechanisms of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels remain unknown. Here we report activation of Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells by hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels mediate both influx of Ca2+ in protoplasts and increases in [Ca2+]cyt in intact guard cells. ABA induces the production of H2O2 in guard cells. If H2O2 production is blocked, ABA-induced closure of stomata is inhibited. Moreover, activation of Ca2+ channels by H2O2 and ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closing are disrupted in the recessive ABA-insensitive mutant gca2. These data indicate that ABA-induced H2O2 production and the H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels are important mechanisms for ABA-induced stomatal closing.     

拟南芥CARK家族响应脱落酸信号的研究

植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)在植物应对生物和非生物胁迫中起着重要作用.本研究利用以carks单基因突变体为亲本,构建双重突变体来检测CARKs在ABA信号途径中的功能.然后,分析多重突变体在ABA处理下,种子萌发率和子叶变绿的响应.结果显示:单基因突变体和双重变体与野生型相比,萌发率更高,双重突变体的子叶绿芽率高于单基因突变体.以上结果表明,CARKs家族基因在ABA信号途径中起正调控作用,而且它们的功能是冗余的.     

Protein tyrosine phosphatases involved in signaling of the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L.

Although protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) play an important role in signal transduction in animal cells, little is known about the function of PTPases in higher plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are the critical components of ABA signaling pathway in guard cells. PTPase is an important regulator of MAPK, which is believed to mediate ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Here, we investigate the possible role of PTPases in stomatal movement process. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a specific inhibitor of PTPases, could prevent ABA or H2O2-induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L; furthermore, it could promote opening of the stomata closed by ABA or H2O2. The activity of PTPases can be effectively inhibited by PAO and H2O2. DTT had no effect on the PAO-induced inhibition of PTPases activity, but it could relieve the inhibition of H2O2 on PTPases activity. PAO could also inhibit the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of V‘wia faba L. These results suggested that PTPases is a critical signaling component in ABA-induced stomatal closure, and serve as targets for H2O2 lying on the signaling pathways downstream of ABA induced H2O2 generation.     

Involvement of a cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase GapC-2 in low-phosphate- induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis

Phosphorous is one of the essential mineral elements for plant growth and development.Typically, the shoots of plant seedlings usually turn a dark-brown or purple colour under low-Pi stress. Using protein 2-D gel and peptide mass fingerprinting mapping (PMF) methods, a cytoplasmic glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GapC-2 was identified as a low-Pi responsive protein in Arabidopsisplants. Expression of AtGapC-2 protein was significantly decreased after 4 d of low-Pi stress. Two in-dependent T-DNA insertion lines of GapC-2 gene (At1g13440) showed a hypersensitive phenotype inresponse to low-Pi stress compared with wild type plants, while the transgenic complementation linesof the mutants showed a similar phenotype to the wild type. These results indicate that AtGapC-2 mayplay an important role in Arabidopsis responses to low-Pi stress, possibly by regulation of glycoly-sis-associated "Pi-pool" and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in plants.     

The Mg-chelatase H subunit is an abscisic acid receptor

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital phytohormone that regulates mainly stomatal aperture and seed development, but ABA receptors involved in these processes have yet to be determined. We previously identified from broad bean an ABA-binding protein (ABAR) potentially involved in stomatal signalling, the gene for which encodes the H subunit of Mg-chelatase (CHLH), which is a key component in both chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signalling. Here we show that Arabidopsis ABAR/CHLH specifically binds ABA, and mediates ABA signalling as a positive regulator in seed germination, post-germination growth and stomatal movement, showing that ABAR/CHLH is an ABA receptor. We show also that ABAR/CHLH is a ubiquitous protein expressed in both green and non-green tissues, indicating that it might be able to perceive the ABA signal at the whole-plant level.     

OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis

Active oxygen species (AOS) generated in response to stimuli and during development can function as signalling molecules in eukaryotes, leading to specific downstream responses. In plants these include such diverse processes as coping with stress (for example pathogen attack, wounding and oxygen deprivation), abscisic-acid-induced guard-cell closure, and cellular development (for example root hair growth). Despite the importance of signalling via AOS in eukaryotes, little is known about the protein components operating downstream of AOS that mediate any of these processes. Here we show that expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene (OXI1) encoding a serine/threonine kinase is induced in response to a wide range of H2O2-generating stimuli. OXI1 kinase activity is itself also induced by H2O2 in vivo. OXI1 is required for full activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 after treatment with AOS or elicitor and is necessary for at least two very different AOS-mediated processes: basal resistance to Peronospora parasitica infection, and root hair growth. Thus, OXI1 is an essential part of the signal transduction pathway linking oxidative burst signals to diverse downstream responses.     

水稻OsDHHC13基因参与氧化胁迫响应的初步研究

DHHC型锌指蛋白参与细胞内蛋白质的棕榈酰化修饰,对细胞和个体的生长发育起着重要的调控作用.OsDHHC13是典型的DHHC型锌指蛋白基因.生物信息学分析发现,OsDHHC13的启动子区域含有胁迫及光响应元件,而且其编码蛋白是具有4个跨膜结构域的典型膜蛋白.对OsDHHC13过表达株系进行H2O2的氧化胁迫处理发现,过表达株系幼苗的根显著长于野生型,说明OsDHHC13能解除H2O2对根生长的抑制,提高了抗氧化胁迫的能力.随后H2O2含量测定发现,OsDHHC13过表达株系幼苗根部的H2O2含量显著低于野生型.进一步的qRT-PCR分析发现,与清除H2O2相关的酶基因的转录水平在过表达株系中显著升高,说明OsDHHC13能促进清除H2O2的相关酶基因的表达,调节内源性H2O2的动态平衡.总之,本研究结果初步证明锌指蛋白基因OsDHHC13正调控水稻的抗氧化胁迫能力.     

水稻C2H2型锌指蛋白OsZAT12转化拟南芥功能的初步研究

摘要:植物C2H2型锌指蛋白是植物转录调节因子中的大家族,通过转录调控、翻译后调节和蛋白质间的相互作用在植物发育和环境胁迫中发挥关键作用. 本研究在水稻基因组中克隆到一个C2H2型锌指蛋白,命名为OsZAT12. 生物信息学分析显示OsZAT12全长597bp,其中不包含内含子,其蛋白质序列含有199个氨基酸,具有两个典型的C2H2锌指结构. OsZAT12蛋白定位于细胞核,在根中特异性表达.过表达拟南芥植株与野生型比较,其根变短,子叶的变绿率明显降低,植株矮小.初步推断OsZAT12可能影响植物生长发育尤其是根的伸长.     

拟南芥CARK11参与ABA介导的生理功能研究

为了探究CARK11在ABA介导的生理进程中的具体作用,本研究以拟南芥哥伦比亚生态型(WT)、CARK11功能缺失突变体cark11和回补激酶丧失CARK11^N203A(com-CARK11m)以及过表达转基因株系(OE-CARK11)为研究对象,探究CARK11在种子萌发、幼苗形态构建、主根生长与干旱响应中发挥的作用.结果显示：相比WT,ABA促进了cark11和com-CARK11m的种子萌发、子叶变绿和主根伸长,而OE-CARK11被抑制. qRT-PCR检测RAB18和RD29a的表达量,发现过表达CARK11促进RAB18和RD29a表达;ABA处理后,这种促进作用更强.干旱实验发现,OE-CARK11耐旱性增加,而cark11和com-CARK11m耐旱性弱于WT.这些结果表明：CARK11作为ABA信号通路的正调控因子抑制拟南芥的种子萌发、子叶变绿和主根生长;同时在干旱胁迫中具有积极作用;另外CARK11在ABA信号途径中的功能依赖激酶活性.     

Characterization of Arabidopsis calreticulin mutants in response to calcium and salinity stresses

As an important calcium-binding protein, calreticulin plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum （ER） of plants. Here, we identified three loss-of-function mutants of calreticulin genes in Arabidopsis to demonstrate the function of calreticulin in response to calcium and salinity stresses. There are three genes encoding calreticulin in Arabidopsis, and they are named AtCRT1, 2, and 3, respectively. We found that both single mutant of crt3 and double mutant of crtl crt2 were more sensitive to low calcium environment than wild-type Arabidopsis. Moreover, crt3 mutant showed more sensitivity to salt treatment at germination stage, but tolerance to salt stress at later stage compared with wild-type plant. However, there was no obvious growth difference in the mutant crtl and crt2 compared with wild-type Arabidopsis under calcium and salt stresses. These results suggest that calreticulin functions in plant responses to calcium and salt stresses.     

F-box基因FOF2在拟南芥盐和冷胁迫响应中的功能分析

FOF2为F-box蛋白家族成员,其生物学功能尚不清楚.采用实时荧光定量PCR和生理学实验相结合的方法,对FOF2基因的表达模式及其在拟南芥抗盐和冷胁迫响应中的作用进行了分析.研究发现,FOF2在拟南芥根、茎生叶和果荚中表达较高,并且其表达受盐和冷胁迫诱导.FOF2过表达株系对盐胁迫敏感,与野生型相比种子萌发率低、幼苗主根较短;相反,fof2突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性则减弱.FOF2过表达和缺失突变体种子萌发对冷胁迫无响应,但其主根在冷处理中分别比野生型短或者长.盐处理下,FOF2过表达株系中盐胁迫反应相关基因的表达量显著降低,fof2突变体中则升高;冷处理下,FOF2过表达株系中冷胁迫反应相关基因的表达量显著升高,fof2突变体中则降低.结果表明,FOF2在植物抗盐胁迫响应中起负调控作用,在抗冷胁迫响应中则可能起正调控作用.     

人参亲环素基因表达载体构建及其在拟南芥中的抗盐活性分析

摘 要 为研究人参亲还素基因的抗盐活性,为该基因在人参抗逆育种方面的应用提供参考,通过植物转基因技术和外施不同浓度NaCl的方法获得阳性拟南芥植株,研究了不同植株类型不同盐浓度下的种子萌发率、植株生存率、植株主根长、植株分支数等相关指标。结果表明：在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥种子萌发率高于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株生存率显著高于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株主根长大于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株分支数与野生型拟南芥植株分支数没有明显差异。可见人参亲还素基因提高了转基因拟南芥抵御高盐胁迫的能力。     

AhBG1转基因拟南芥的ABA敏感性和抗旱性研究

为探究花生基因AhBG1对拟南芥ABA敏感性和抗旱性的影响,以过表达AhBG1拟南芥为材料,检测其ABA敏感性及脱水处理下ABA质量分数、叶片失水率、干旱存活率及ABA稳态相关基因表达变化.结果表明:AhBG1是编码花生β-葡萄糖苷酶的家族成员,定位于细胞质;与野生型相比,AhBG1过表达拟南芥植株在干旱条件下体内AB...     

超表达GLDH拟南芥植株对高光胁迫的响应

以拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）为实验材料，研究了在短时间高光胁迫下两种基因型植株（GLDH基因超表达植株gldh236OE和哥伦比亚野生型Col）的表型、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光等生理数据的变化。结果表明，超表达植株的抗坏血酸表达量显著高于野生型，高光对超表达植株叶片的伤害也小于对照野生型；野生型植株叶片叶绿素含量在高光处理前后并无明显变化，而超表达植株的叶绿素含量显著降低；PSII有效光化学效率Yield和光合电子传递速率ETR呈明显降低趋势，对照野生型的降低程度更明显，说明高光胁迫使PSII结构与功能受到一定程度的损伤与破坏，而抗坏血酸含量的增加能在一定程度上缓解高光胁迫所带来的伤害。研究结果表明，通过基因表达调控提高抗坏血酸水平能有效缓解强光胁迫，使植物更好的适应高光，维持植物正常生理生态性状。     

H2O2诱导玉米根尖细胞凋亡的形态,生化及分子生物学证据

植物细胞程序性死亡是近年来植物细胞生物学的研究热点之一。已有证据表明Ｈ２Ｏ２能诱导拟南芥、豌豆,烟草等植物体外培养细胞的凋亡。以玉米根尖为材料,从原位即细胞和染色体水平（染色体ＤＮＡ断裂）以及分子水平（ＤＮＡ）对Ｈ２Ｏ２诱导的细胞死亡作了检测。结果表明Ｈ２Ｏ２能诱导玉米根尖细胞凋亡,并具有动物细胞凋亡的典型形态和生化特征如染色质凝缩,核降解以及出现ＤＮＡ Ｌａｄｄｅｒ等。可见Ｈ２Ｏ２诱导的细胞凋亡