硅酸盐钻井液防塌机理研究与应用

利用Zetasizer3000电位-粒度仪、Turbiscan红外分散稳定仪、Novasina活度仪以及SHM泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置等先进的实验仪器和研究手段,对硅酸盐钻井液防塌作用机理进行了深入研究,并开发了一套硅酸盐钻井液配方.研究结果表明,5%硅酸盐水溶液的粒度分布较窄,协同使用的无机盐最佳加量为3%,且受硅酸盐模数和pH值影响较大;硅酸盐胶体溶液zeta电位为-41.0～-31.0 mV时,对泥岩钻屑分散体系具有很强的稳定作用;硅酸盐与泥页岩作用可以形成致密的"隔膜",具有较理想的阻缓滤液侵入和压力传递作用.现场试验表明,该配方流变性合理、抑制性强,达到了稳定井壁的预期目的.     

泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置的研制

为进一步深入井壁稳定机理研究，利用压力传递原理推导了泥页岩极低渗透率计算公式，并给出了半透膜移率的计算公式，研制了泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置（SHM仪），建立了压力传递实验新方法。利用该方法定量测定了泥页岩极低渗透率和泥页岩与水基钻井液体系半透膜效率。结果表明，具有极低渗透率的泥页岩与水基钻井液之间存在半透膜效应，半透膜效率与无机盐的种类有关，且泥页岩渗透率和半透膜效率可通过物理-化学的方法得以改善。     

泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置的研制

为进一步深入井壁稳定机理研究,利用压力传递原理推导了泥页岩极低渗透率计算公式,并给出了半透膜效率的计算公式,研制了泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置(SHM仪),建立了压力传递实验新方法.利用该方法定量测定了泥页岩极低渗透率和泥页岩与水基钻井液体系半透膜效率.结果表明,具有极低渗透率的泥页岩与水基钻井液之间存在半透膜效应,半透膜效率与无机盐的种类有关,且泥页岩渗透率和半透膜效率可通过物理-化学的方法得以改善.     

评价钻井液完井液对裂缝性地层封堵效果的新方法

泥页岩比表面积测定方法,泥页岩水化膨胀测定方法、钻井液泥饼压缩性评价方法等现有诸多评价方法,都是针对泥页岩地层垮塌进行的研究,而对如何稳定破碎性地层及裂缝发育地层,目前还没有一种可行性的评价的方法。探讨了利用387-42型泥浆失水仪来评价钻井液、完井液的封堵效果,实验结果表明:该法是现场评价钻井液、完井液封堵的评价方法。     

钻井液用多功能阳离子聚合物乳液研制及其作用机制

以苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体,合成一种阳离子聚合物乳液ZD-1;通过页岩线性膨胀实验、泥页岩热滚回收实验和粒度分析评价ZD-1的抑制性能,分析其抑制机制;使用污染前后低渗人造岩心气测渗透率变化评价其封堵性能;利用极压润滑性能实验评价其润滑性能。结果表明:与常用页岩抑制剂聚醚胺和氯化钾相比,ZD-1具有较好的抑制页岩水化膨胀和分散的能力,膨润土岩心试样16 h的膨胀率相对于氯化钾有大幅度降低,当质量分数为2.0%时,易水化泥页岩岩屑的热滚回收率超过80%;纳米级别的ZD-1颗粒表面具有阳离子基团,能够中和膨润土表面的负电荷、提高泥页岩表面的疏水性,并可通过吸附作用在泥页岩表面形成疏水层来降低水对泥页岩的侵入,从而达到抑制泥页岩水化膨胀和分散的作用;ZD-1可有效封堵低渗岩心,2%加量下封堵率大于90%,性能优于磺化沥青;ZD-1作为球形纳米级颗粒,有利于提高钻井液的润滑性,摩阻系数降低率高于固体润滑剂石墨。     

泥页岩地层钻进封堵抑制型钻井液体系的研究

针对泥页岩地层钻进过程中的吸水膨胀引起的孔壁稳定问题,提出了采用超细惰性材料封堵泥页岩微细孔喉、降低渗透率,从而减缓水分侵入的思路。通过实验研究与微观分析相结合的方法开展了含超细惰性材料的封堵抑制型钻井液体系的研制。首先,结合常规实验与电子扫描电镜实验,探讨了超细惰性材料对基浆及聚合物钻井液体系流变性能及失水性能的影响,从微观角度分析了含超细惰性材料钻井液体系泥皮的微观形貌特征。在此基础上,通过不同配方钻井液体系的浸泡实验,研究了超细惰性材料对泥页岩吸水膨胀的封堵抑制性能。研究成果对于保障泥页岩地层的快速钻进具有重要意义,同时,在解决类似吸水膨胀地层的快速钻进方面也具有一定参考价值。     

PAMAM树枝状聚合物抑制泥页岩水化膨胀和分散特性

针对泥页岩水化特征,结合树枝状聚合物独特的结构与性能,将树枝状聚合物聚酰胺胺PAMAM作为泥页岩稳定剂,通过页岩滚动分散实验、粒度分布测试、屈曲硬度实验评价不同代数(G0~G5)PAMAM的抑制性。采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)等分析不同代数PAMAM与黏土的作用,并揭示其微观作用机理。分别以G0和G5为泥页岩水化膨胀抑制剂和水化分散抑制剂,构建新型水基钻井液体系。研究结果表明:树枝状聚合物聚酰胺胺能有效抑制泥页岩水化膨胀和分散,G0和G5抑制性优于传统的KCl和聚醚胺类抑制剂,适当降低介质p H可提高其抑制性。不同代数的PAMAM在黏土表面的吸附排列方式不同,G0为单层吸附;G1,G2和G3在黏土层间的吸附与浓度有关,随着浓度的升高分子排列由单层向双层转变;G4和G5相对分子质量较大,由于空间位阻效应不能进入黏土晶层间,主要吸附在黏土颗粒的外表面。G0能抑制黏土晶层内表面的水化膨胀,G5能阻止黏土颗粒的水化分散,将两者配合起来可达到协同稳定泥页岩的效果。该钻井液体系抑制性突出,接近油基钻井液。     

锦州25-1油田井壁稳定问题

 锦州25-1油田沙河街组地层井壁失稳严重,为解决该油田的井壁失稳问题,对该油田的泥页岩矿物组分进行了分析,开展了泥页岩的力学及水化特性实验,分析了锦州25-1油田沙河街组泥页岩的岩石力学特性和井壁失稳机制.研究发现,沙河街组地层层理性泥页岩和水敏性泥页岩共同发育;层理性泥页岩具有显著的各向异性,易发生沿层理面的剪切滑移,造成井壁失稳;水敏性泥页岩在钻井液作用下会发生水化膨胀,导致井周地层的力学性质和应力状态发生变化,表现为坍塌压力随井眼钻开时间的改变而改变;两种地层相互影响造成油田复杂事故频发.结合室内实验结果,建立了合理钻井液密度的确定方法,研究了锦州25-1油田层理性泥页岩坍塌压力随井眼轨迹的分布规律和水敏性泥页岩的水化坍塌周期,给出了保证安全钻进的工程对策,该油田的井壁失稳问题必须在优化井眼轨迹和选择合理钻井液密度基础上,并增强钻井液的封堵性和抑制性才能解决.     

基于损伤理论的硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定分析

硬脆性泥页岩地层的失稳破坏机理是非常规油气开发工作者的重点研究对象之一。从硬脆性泥页岩微裂缝的角度出发,将微裂缝视为硬脆性泥页岩的损伤,通过随机函数确定微裂缝的分布,将损伤力学和断裂力学相结合建立了硬脆性泥页岩的损伤本构模型。利用FLAC3D软件将硬脆性泥页岩的损伤破坏模型应用到井壁稳定分析中,并通过计算结果分析了钻井液、微裂缝形态等在硬脆性泥页岩破坏中占有的比重。计算结果显示,硬脆性泥页岩对钻井液的敏感度以及硬脆性泥页岩微裂缝的发育程度对井壁稳定影响最大,硬脆性泥页岩微裂缝的方向对井壁稳定影响很小。因此,钻井液的封堵性和密度是确保硬脆性泥页岩稳定的重要手段,控制钻井方向对维持硬脆性泥页岩稳定的作用有限。     

改性多元醇防塌剂的研制及其作用机理研究

通过降解和阳离子化反应，研制出了抑制性好而增粘负效应较低的改性多元醇防塌剂SD-306；通过红外光谱分析了改性多元醇防塌剂的分子结构，证明阳离子化反应引入了正氮基团；通过滚动分散、电动电位测量、粒度分布测量、吸附以及压力传递等实验手段，探讨了改性多元醇防塌剂的作用机理。结果表明，改性多元醇的防塌机理主要为：通过吸附包被防止泥页岩颗粒水化分散；多元醇吸附在泥页岩颗粒表面，改变其表面电荷，压缩扩散双电层，抑制泥页岩颗粒水化；吸附于地层岩石表面成膜，覆盖裂缝和孔隙表面，从而阻缓压力和钻井液滤液传递。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the