三峡水库岸坡崩坡堆积物力学特性数值试验研究

基于三峡水库崩坡堆积物岸坡变形破坏问题,采用三维离散元软件 PFC3D ,建立了崩坡堆积层土石混合体大型三轴剪切试验模型,并对含石量分别为 0% , 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% 和 100% 以及截面尺寸分别为 60cm×30cm , 65cm×32.5cm , 70cm×35cm , 75cm×37.5cm 和 80cm×40cm 的试样进行剪切破坏模拟。结果表明:土石混合体粘聚力随着含石量的增加而减小,近似呈线性关系。内摩擦角在含石量小于 40% 时,几乎不变;当含石量大于 40% 且小于 60% 时,内摩擦角处于过渡阶段,开始增大,且增大程度越来越快;当含石量大于 60% 时,内摩擦角急剧增加。同一含石量试样的粘聚力随着试样尺寸的增大而逐渐减小,且减小程度在含石量 40% 左右达到最大。随着试样尺寸的增大,含石量为 0%的试样内摩擦角几乎不变;20% , 40% 和 60% 含石量的试样内摩擦角减小; 80% , 100% 含石量的试样内摩擦角增大。崩坡堆积物试样破坏在“低含高围”情况下时出现“剪涨”现象,在“高含低围”情况下出现“剪缩”现象。研究认为 PFC3D 程序可以较好地研究水库崩坡堆积层的力学特性。
     

三峡水库岸坡崩坡堆积物力学特性数值试验研究

基于三峡水库崩坡堆积物岸坡变形破坏问题,采用三维离散元软件PFC3D,建立了崩坡堆积层土石混合体大型三轴剪切试验模型,并对含石量分别为0%,20%,40%,60%,80%和100%以及截面尺寸分别为60cm×30cm,65cm×32.5cm,70cm×35cm,75cm×37.5cm和80cm×40cm的试样进行剪切破坏模拟。结果表明:土石混合体粘聚力随着含石量的增加而减小,近似呈线性关系。内摩擦角在含石量小于40%时,几乎不变;当含石量大于40%且小于60%时,内摩擦角处于过渡阶段,开始增大,且增大程度越来越快;当含石量大于60%时,内摩擦角急剧增加。同一含石量试样的粘聚力随着试样尺寸的增大而逐渐减小,且减小程度在含石量40%左右达到最大。随着试样尺寸的增大,含石量为0%的试样内摩擦角几乎不变;20%,40%和60%含石量的试样内摩擦角减小;80%,100%含石量的试样内摩擦角增大。崩坡堆积物试样破坏在"低含高围"情况下时出现"剪涨"现象,在"高含低围"情况下出现"剪缩"现象。研究认为PFC3D程序可以较好地研究水库崩坡堆积层的力学特性。     

基于大三轴试验的土石混合体强度特性与影响因素

为更为详细地探讨山区土石混合体的力学特性,综合考虑含石量、含水量与岩石完整性等因素的影响,采用正交试验方法对土石混合体填料的大型三轴剪切试验进行设计,并运用邓肯-张模型对得到的三轴试验参数进行反演研究。结果表明:土石混合体中影响内摩擦角的因素从大到小分别为含石量、含水量、岩石完整性;试件在各围压下剪切时,开始阶段偏应力与轴向应变近似成比例关系;当轴向应变超过2%时,偏应力增长速率减小,呈现出明显的应力-应变非线性;当混合体达到最大偏应力之后,仍可以保持在增加轴向应变的同时,偏应力不减小,表明土石混合体材料的软化特性不明显;含石量对试样体应变的影响较含水量与岩石完整性更显著,在含石量较低时体现为剪缩性,含石量较高时更多体现为剪胀性;邓肯-张模型的拟合结果与大三轴试验数据的相似度较好,表明邓肯-张模型能模拟土石混合体在不同围压下的应力-应变关系。     

间断级配土石混合料力学特性试验和本构模型

为研究山区筑路填料中常见的间断级配土石混合料的力学特性,采用SZ30-40DA大型三轴试验仪对间断级配土石混合料进行三轴剪切试验,分析了不同含石量和围压对间断级配土石混合料的应力-应变关系、抗剪强度参数、刚度、孔压、内摩擦角以及黏聚力的影响,并结合邓肯-张模型和幂律模型对间断级配土石混合料的适用性进行分析。结果表明：不同含石量下土石混合料的应力-应变曲线均呈现出应变硬化特征,无应变软化特征;当含石量较低时,应力-应变呈现出一条平滑的曲线,随着含石量增加,应力-应变曲线呈现出明显的“跳跃”现象;土石混合料的抗剪强度随含石量和围压的增加而增大;不同含石量混和料在剪切过程中,粗颗粒表现出不同的破碎程度,含石量增加破碎率增大;内摩擦角随含石量的增加而增大,而黏聚力随含石量的增加而减小,含石量(质量分数,下同)为70%时,内摩擦角达到最大,黏聚力最小;刚度在前期软化现象明显,随着含石量的增加,土体表现出一定的骨架作用,抵抗变形的能力增强;孔压受轴向应变和围压影响较大,随轴向应变的增大先增大后减小,随围压的增大而增大;邓肯-张模型在应用于间断级配土石混合料时存在一定的差距,而幂律模型的拟合度较邓肯...     

块石尺寸对土石混合体强度特性的影响研究

选择块石类型为卵砾石,土料为含砂低液限黏土,含石率为50%;通过室内中三轴试验研究了4种不同卵砾石尺寸下的土石混合体的强度及变形特征。试验结果表明:1不同卵砾石尺寸各围压下土石混合体的应力应变关系曲线为硬化型曲线;随着卵砾石尺寸的增大,试样的峰值强度减小,高围压下尤其显著;2不同卵砾石尺寸各围压下土石混合体的体积应变随着轴向应变的增加而增大,剪切过程中直至破坏试样一直处于剪缩状态;3土与卵砾石混合体的内摩擦角与卵砾石的分形维度近似符合抛物线函数关系变化。试验分析所得的研究结果,为深入研究土石混合体这类特殊的地质体提供一定的理论依据。     

土石混合填料大型三轴剪切试验研究

为研究土石混合填料在不同土石混合比情况下的力学响应,以国道316旬阳至安康二级公路改建工程中的填石高路堤工程为依托,利用大型三轴剪切试验仪,在4种不同围压条件下,分别对土石混合质量比为3∶7和3∶2的试样进行固结不排水剪切试验。发现当土石混合比为3∶7时,在低围压(200 kPa)条件下,试样应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型,在高围压(400,600和800kPa)条件下,试样应力-应变曲线在达到峰值应力后有所下降,表现为弱应变软化。在4种围压条件下,试样体应变均表现为随轴向应变先增大后减小,即试样先剪缩后剪胀,且表现为随着围压的增大,剪缩量不断增大,然后达到峰值,随后体应变减小,表现出剪胀趋势,且随着围压的增大,剪胀趋势减弱。当土石混合比为3∶2时,在4种围压条件下,试样应力-应变曲线均表现为应变硬化,无明显的峰值强度。试样体应变均随轴向应变增大而增大,即试样一直表现为剪缩,且围压越大,剪缩趋势越明显,剪缩量越大。体变速率(dεv/dε1)能较好地反映试样变形特性和应力-应变特性。结果表明:土石混合比的变化对土石混合料剪胀性影响很大,对应力-应变特性的影响主要体现在加载后期。     

不同水环境下土石混填地基水平推剪试验研究

为了研究土石混填地基的承载特性与变形机理尤其是不同水环境对其有何影响,在特制的地槽内分别开展正常条件、饱水浸泡、干湿循环作用下的土石混填地基水平推剪试验研究,得到试样在不同条件下更加完整的破裂面、抗剪强度及推剪变形曲线。研究结果表明:土石混填地基的抗剪强度主要源于其内部土石料之间的相互摩擦、咬合等作用;在正常条件下可表现出良好结构性,其破裂面会发展到底面之下一定深度;干湿循环对试样的黏聚力有较大影响,对其破裂面、内摩擦角及推剪变形过程影响有限;饱水浸泡对试样的破裂面、抗剪强度及推剪变形过程均有很大影响,尤其是试样抗剪强度会大幅度降低,故在相关工程实践中须予以足够重视。     

考虑孔隙率和不均匀系数的土石混合体颗粒流分析

为研究低含石率情况下,由土体主导的土石混合体的力学特性,采用分层欠压和随机生成多边形相结合的建模方法,建立土石混合体颗粒流模型,提出不均匀系数作为衡量土石混合体非均质性的指标。通过室内试验校核了颗粒模型的细观参数,并开展双轴数值模拟试验,研究在低含石率情况下,含石率、土体孔隙率和不均匀系数3个因素对土石混合体力学特性的影响。结果表明:在低含石率情况下,土石混合体的强度受土体孔隙率影响较大,随着土体孔隙率的减小,土石混合体的强度有较大提高;块石的存在破坏了土体的均匀性和连续性,反而在低含石率情况下,随着含石率增大,土石混合体整体强度有微小减小的现象;土石混合体的不均匀系数对体应变影响较大,不均匀系数越大,体应变的膨胀现象越明显。     

堆体边坡根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

经生态修复的堆体边坡多位于城镇生态涵养带和水源保护区,在降雨侵蚀作用下坡体浅层失稳现象严重,不同类型植被根系对土体强度指标影响的定量化是亟待解决的问题之一。以伊洛河流域粉黏土堆体边坡为例,量测单位样方内狗牙根及沙棘的植株高度、植株密度,调查土层深度20~30 cm、直径0.0~1.0 mm的狗牙根根系,调查深度40~50 cm、直径1.0~2.0 mm的沙棘根系,测量整理根长量、根体积、根系密度,确定加入土体中的根系直径及重量,测取各覆被条件下土样常规物理力学指标,采用GDS三轴试验仪对重塑根土试样开展一系列不固结不排水三轴试验,分析试样破坏荷载、根系强度影响系数、抗剪强度指标增长率。试验结果显示:相同围压下各根土复合试样破坏荷载均大于素土试样破坏荷载,狗牙根土试样、沙棘根土试样、狗牙根沙棘根土试样的破坏荷载约是素土试样破坏荷载的倍数依次为1.29~1.35倍、4.52~4.79倍、4.68~4.95倍;狗牙根根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而减小,而含有沙棘根系试样的根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而增大;含根系土试样的抗剪强度包络线均位于素土试样抗剪强度包络线上方,狗牙根根系对土体抗剪强度指标的改善主要体现在黏聚力上,而含沙棘根系土试样的黏聚力与内摩擦角均有相对更大幅度的提高;狗牙根土试样黏聚力增长率为35.63%、内摩擦角增长率为16.24%,沙棘根土试样黏聚力增长率为219.13%、内摩擦角增长率为254.02%,狗牙根沙棘混合土试样黏聚力增长率为224.88%、内摩擦角增长率为261.64%。不同类型根系对土体强度的贡献值是不同的,沙棘根系大于狗牙根根系。     

土石混合体原位试验的颗粒流数值模拟分析

基于颗粒流理论和PFC程序,解决了不规则碎石(clump)的生成、恒定法向荷载施加、剪切面的含石量等问题后,建立了土石混合体原位试验的颗粒流数值模型,对不同含石量、法向应力下土石混合体的直剪试验进行模拟,并与原位直剪试验的结果进行比较.结果表明：随着含石量增加,剪切应力及其峰值增大,剪切应力峰值对应的剪切位移减小;在低法向应力条件下,土石混合体表现为剪胀;在高法向应力下,土石混合体表现为先剪缩而后剪胀,并呈现出压剪破坏特征;剪切面附近分布的不规则碎石在剪切过程中出现挤压滑动与滚动,使得剪切破坏面出现凹凸,而且剪应力、法向位移、应变能随剪切位移增加而出现波动和平缓段;数值试验所得剪切应力峰值略高于其试验值,减小模型颗粒半径,可以有效降低计算的剪切应力峰值.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.