一种7DOF机械臂逆运动学解析算法及其应用

针对传统的基于雅可比矩阵最优解的数值方法对于有着冗余自由度的7自由度(7DOF)的机械臂逆运动学求解有着计算量大、只能求得单一解的不足,提出一种逆运动学的解析算法.在传统6维位姿矩阵的基础上,额外提出一个elbow angle 新约束,利用位姿目标矩阵和该elbow angle 共7维约束推导出7DOF机械臂逆运动学的...     

基于图像矩和矢量积法的六自由度机械臂视觉伺服控制

针对眼在手上的六自由度机械臂系统,提出一种基于图像的视觉伺服控制.通过图像矩和矢量积法,建立机器人正向、逆向运动学模型,引入雅可比矩阵解决机器人逆运动学解析问题.建立了图像矩特征变化量和笛卡尔空间的关节角速度之间的映射关系即复合雅可比矩阵,由矩特征变化量得到伺服过程中六自由度机器人各关节角速度.保证在图像逼近期望图像时,机械臂末端到达期望位置,并且此时关节角速度将收敛到零.仿真结果表明,计算复合雅可比矩阵的方法可控制机械臂渐近稳定到期望位置.     

基于神经动力学的冗余机械臂恒定转速比算法

提出一种基于神经动力学的恒定转速比（CRR）算法,用于解决冗余机械臂运动规划末端精度问题.在运动规划中,通过神经动力学求解出雅可比矩阵伪逆,由4阶龙格-库塔法得出实时精准的关节角速度,从而获得各关节平均速度比,并将其比值关系带入CRR算法中求解出最优关节角度.与传统的加权伪逆运动规划不同,CRR算法是在关节角位置层面求解,这也正是提高冗余机械臂末端精度的关键环节.在文末,通过平面3自由度和平面6自由度冗余机械臂模型进行运动规划仿真,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.      

一种求解冗余机械臂逆运动学的自适应动态差分进化算法

针对冗余机械臂逆运动学难以直接求解且具有多解的问题,提出一种基于改进差分进化算法的逆运动学求解方法.以KUKA LBR iiwa七自由度机械臂为研究对象,验证该方法的有效性.针对基本差分进化算法易陷入局部搜索问题,引入自适应变异操作和随机变化交叉操作,使算法可根据迭代进程调整搜索强度.基于Denavit-Hartenberg方法建立七自由度机械臂运动学模型,改进逆运动学算法适应度函数与边界处理方法,最终求得最优逆运动学解.机械臂仿真实验以求解精度和稳定性为研究目标和评价指标,结果表明,在冗余机械臂逆运动学求解方面综合性能良好,具有较强的多工况拓展度和工程实用性.     

结合旋量理论和代数方法的六自由度机械臂逆运动学求解算法

针对六自由度且具有相互平行的3个相邻关节轴的串联式机械臂逆运动学问题,提出一种结合旋量理论与代数方法的逆运动学求解方法。首先,通过旋量理论建立运动学模型,利用Paden-Kahan第1类子问题求解第1关节角度;其次,采用欧拉角理论,通过代数方法求解第5、6关节角度;最后,再次利用Paden-Kahan第1类子问题求解第2、3、4关节角度。以UR5协作机械臂为例,计算逆运动学得出8组解,其中逆解的最大位姿误差为10~(-15)数量级,证明了提出的逆运动学求解算法的准确性。     

面向托卡马克第一壁检测的超冗余机械臂运动学分析

针对托卡马克第一壁大范围高精度检测的需要,设计了一种超冗余13-DOF宏微式机械臂.为解决超冗余机械臂运动学计算快速性与精确性之间的矛盾,提出了一种考虑机械臂作业环境结构的运动学算法.该算法利用宏机械臂平面多连杆的构型特点和圆弧形的运动轨迹有效降低了逆运动学计算的复杂性.利用摄动法解决了微机械臂处于奇异位置时,运动学逆解无法解析求取的问题,借助能量最优原则唯一确定存在多解或无穷多解时逆解的选取.最后通过仿真验证了该运动学计算方法的有效性.     

七自由度冗余仿人臂的障碍实时回避

针对具有末端位姿约束的仿人臂,给出一种实现障碍回避的新方法。将障碍物和仿人臂假想为带电体,处在障碍物构成电场中的仿人臂将受到虚拟电场力的作用。用力学方法将该虚拟作用力分解到各关节,并以分解后虚拟力为指标实时地选择一冗余关节,对该关节构成力反馈,实现障碍的实时回避。该方法使障碍回避过程不再依赖于运动学优化,将冗余度机械臂转化为非冗余度机械臂,直接给出位置形式的逆解。     

基于自运动的仿人七自由度机械臂逆解算法

基于七自由度(seven degrees of freedom,7-DOF)机械手臂的结构和自运动特性,提出通过对关节位置进行几何分析,求解机械臂逆运动学的方法.该方法在自运动构型的基础上,以0坐标系为其他坐标系的基系,根据同一向量在不同坐标系之间的投影特性与关节角之间存在着的对应关系,实现对七自由度机械臂逆运动学的求解.该方法能够求解出针对任一特定末端位姿的所有理论逆解.通过引入机械臂优化的二次目标,对所有理论逆解进行优化,可得最优逆解用于机械臂控制.与梯度投影法等通用算法相比,该方法具有直观简练、计算量小等优点,且不同的末端位姿求解过程互不影响,对系列性末端位姿连续求解不存在累积误差.     

六自由度机械臂运动轨迹自动生成方法仿真与实现

运用运动捕捉系统,结合机器人运动学方法,提出一种六自由度机械臂运动轨迹自动生成方法.首先,在运动捕捉系统下得到人手臂末端的Marker标记点的位姿信息;然后,通过数据处理得到标记点的位姿矩阵,并将其作为机械臂末端执行器的位姿矩阵,进而通过数据流通道将该数据传入机器人运动学仿真系统,在仿真系统中运用代数解法求机器人运动学逆解,并进行运动学仿真.最后,将逆解求得的6个关节角度传入机械臂本体,实现机械臂末端执行器按照运动捕捉系统下手臂末端标记点的运动轨迹而运动.仿真实验表明:该方法具有可行性.     

关节角参数化结合接近矢量可行方向的五自由度机械臂逆运动学求解

五自由度的机械臂无法达到任意位姿，采用传统的位姿描述方式进行逆运动学求解时，极易产生无解的情况。文中以一种适用于清洁、喷涂、焊接等作业的、由4个旋转关节和1个移动关节构成的五自由度机械臂为例，建立运动学模型并进行逆运动学分析，在此基础上，提出一种关节角参数化结合接近矢量可行方向的逆运动学求解方法。该方法基于自由度约束的末端位姿描述，先通过关节角参数化将末端执行器的运动空间由三维降为二维，再采用几何法分析末端执行器在不同目标位置（远端、中间端、近端）时的接近矢量的可行方向，从而避免参数盲目取值，确保运动学逆解的存在，然后根据运动连续性和各关节的运动范围从中筛选出最优解。路径规划仿真结果表明，实际路径与规划路径非常吻合，关节运动平稳，证明了所提方法的可行性和准确性。文中研究的五自由度机械臂具有一定的代表性，逆运动学求解方法计算复杂度低，求解过程较为简便，求解思路可为欠自由度机械臂的逆运动学求解提供借鉴。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-