贝藻王国的护航者——南麂列岛的肉食性贝类

正浙江省南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区拥有丰富的贝藻资源,因此又被称为"贝藻王国"。这里的大部分贝类是素食者,它们既摄食藻类,又为藻类提供营养和附着基。然而贝类中还有一小部分肉食者,它们无肉不欢、非肉不食。这群肉食性贝类对南麂列岛的生物多样性和生态系统平衡有怎样的影响呢?     

海洋经济贝类育种研究进展

本文简要回顾了近些年来海洋经济贝类育种现状，综述了传统的杂交育种和各种现代生物技术如多倍体、转基因和分子标记技术在贝类育种中所取得的成就，特别是近年来分子标记技术应用于贝类杂种优势预测，群体遗传结构分析和标记辅助选择等。为新品种的培育提供了高效而可靠的手段。该技术的应用可望在较短的时间内改变目前海洋贝类品种培育的落后局面。     

浙江玉环披山岩礁潮间带贝类种类数量组成与生态特征

为了掌握浙江玉环披山省级海洋特别保护区岩礁潮间带贝类资源状况,于2015年11月、2016年2月、5月、8月,共4次对该区岩礁潮间带的5个断面进行了定量与定性采样调查,并对贝类的种类、数量、区系组成、优势种和物种多样性进行了分析。共鉴定出披山岩礁潮间带贝类33种,隶属于3纲9目17科。根据温度适应性质分,属于4个类群:广温广布性种18种,占54.6%;温带种1种,占3.0%;亚热带种13种,占39.4%;热带种1种,占3.0%。此次调查贝类总平均生物量为413.84 g/m~2,总平均栖息密度为266.71个/m~2。条纹隔贻贝是4个季度的绝对优势种。贝类物种Margalef丰富度指数D为1.75,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'为1.56,Pielou均匀度指数J'为0.67。研究表明,玉环披山潮间带贝类多样性指数属正常范围,显示未过度开发。     

大连营城子湾潮间带贝类的生态调查

海产贝类在海洋资源中占有极其重要的地位。如何利用海洋为人民提供更丰富的美味食品是一个迫切需要解决的问题。进行潮间带贝类生态学研究可以为发展滩涂养殖提供必要的理论基础。为了对发展贝类滩涂养殖做点滴贡献,笔者于一九八一年五月至八月对大连营城子湾潮间带贝类的生态进行了初步的调查。本文阐述了该地区潮间带贝类的垂直分布规律,栖息密度和生物量等,现将调查结果整理发表如下。     

贝类学实验课教学改革探索

贝类学实验课是贝类学课程的重要组成部分,具有较强的实践性和应用性,是海洋类高校水产养殖专业的重要基础课程之一。该文从实验教学内容、教学方法、实验材料和实验考核四个方面评述了传统实验教学存在的主要问题。同时,从整合教学内容、优化教学方法、增设实习环节、优化评价体系四个方面探索了贝类学实验课教学模式的改革,旨在提高教学效果,增强学生的实践能力和创新意识,为海洋类高素质人才的培养提供支撑。     

国际新闻

全球变暖导致海洋"死亡区"扩大(图)海洋低氧区或缺氧区又被称为海洋"死亡区",因为生物难以在低氧或缺氧状态下存活。德美科学家研究发现,全球变暖会为海洋低氧区的形成"推波助澜":过去50年中,全球变暖已使中、东赤道大西洋和赤道太平洋的低氧区不断扩大。     

北部湾海洋微生物物种多样性与化学多样性研究进展

北部湾海域是我国生物多样性最丰富的海域之一,为人类发展提供了大量的生物资源。北部湾还蕴含着极丰富的微生物资源,是新物种、新基因、新药物、新生物材料的潜在来源。为更全面地了解北部湾海洋微生物的研究现状,促进北部湾海洋微生物资源的研究和开发利用,本文综述了北部湾海洋微生物的物种多样性和代谢产物活性成分多样性,为深入研究北部湾海洋微生物,开发和利用北部湾海洋微生物资源提供参考。     

我国海洋生物物种多样性研究

综述了国际海洋生物多样性的研究现状以及海洋生物物种的数量及分布，综述了我国海洋生物物种多样性研究现状、经济生物的数量、海洋珍稀物种的数量与分布；介绍了国际海洋生物普查计划的缘起、项目的组织和实施以及全球海洋生物物种多样性的展望；最后，探讨了我国海洋生物物种多样性研究的若干问题。     

海洋环境模拟与探测技术研究

正海洋为人类的生存和发展、社会的不断进步提供了必不可少的物质基础.在人类活动和全球变化的双重影响下,我国近海海洋环境正在经历一系列重要变化,如近海富营养化、藻类水华、水体缺氧、海洋酸化等灾害性生态过程越来越严重,造成了海洋环境的恶化和资源的衰竭等不可逆转的影响,严重威胁了人类食物的供给和赖以生存的自然环境的健康."建设海洋强国"、"建设21世纪海上丝绸之路"等一系列国家战略的实施,为     

海洋贝类遗传育种研究20年

遗传育种在海洋贝类养殖产业发展中的作用越来越凸显,良种化养殖是未来贝类养殖的基本方向.本文主要根据作者20多年的研究成果,综合评述了海洋养殖贝类的群体遗传学、贝类染色体组操作技术、杂交和选择的理论与方法、功能基因及其育种辅助标记、遗传连锁图的构建和QTL定位、贝类遗传育种体系的建设等方面的研究进展,提出贝类育种研究的若干发展方向.     

国际海洋生态系统研究态势及对我国的启示

利用文献计量学方法分析了国际海洋生态系统研究的主要国家和机构状况,分析了近年来相关研究计划的主要内容,给出国际海洋生态系统研究的9个研究热点：全球气候变化对生态系统的影响研究;海洋生态系统服务功能;人类社会与海洋生态系统的关系研究;海洋生物多样性;基于生态系统的海洋管理;海洋生态系统保护;深海生态系统研究;海洋生态系统研究相关技术、模型;极地生态系统考察。最后给出对我国海洋生态系统研究的7条建议。     

Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the northeast Pacific

Seasonal development of dissolved-oxygen deficits (hypoxia) represents an acute system-level perturbation to ecological dynamics and fishery sustainability in coastal ecosystems around the globe. Whereas anthropogenic nutrient loading has increased the frequency and severity of hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas, the occurrence of hypoxia in open-coast upwelling systems reflects ocean conditions that control the delivery of oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich deep water onto continental shelves. Upwelling systems support a large proportion of the world's fisheries, therefore understanding the links between changes in ocean climate, upwelling-driven hypoxia and ecological perturbations is critical. Here we report on the unprecedented development of severe inner-shelf (<70 m) hypoxia and resultant mass die-offs of fish and invertebrates within the California Current System. In 2002, cross-shelf transects revealed the development of abnormally low dissolved-oxygen levels as a response to anomalously strong flow of subarctic water into the California Current System. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of inner-shelf ecosystems to variation in ocean conditions, and the potential impacts of climate change on marine communities.     

船舶压载水处理方法及技术概况(英文)

船舶压载水携带的外来入侵性海洋物种对全球海洋生物多样性和生态系统环境造成巨大危害.探讨处理船舶压载水的方法和技术的优缺点,防治船舶压载水带来的海洋生物入侵和传播,保护海洋环境.     

The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution during the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, there has been rapidly increasing release of greenhouse gases, notably CO₂, into the atmosphere. As a consequence of this atmospheric change, the Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 °C over the last 100 years. The rate of release of greenhouse gases continues to increase, and global surface temperature rose by approximately 0.2 °C per decade in the last 30 years, a rate that is greater than at any other time during the last 1,000 years. The wide-ranging effects of these increases in greenhouse gases and temperature on the biosphere are subject to intense scientific study. Much has been learned, but much more needs to be elucidated, if we are to predict how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be affected by global change. This brief review focuses on the marine environment and offers a concise summary of some of the important advances in our knowledge about the impacts of global change, including physical and chemical changes of the ocean, as well as the impact of ocean warming on marine organisms. Our analysis also points out areas where critical new information is needed if we are to predict the future of marine ecosystems in a warming world with accuracy.     

Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems

Revealing the consequences of species extinctions for ecosystem function has been a chief research goal and has been accompanied by enthusiastic debate. Studies carried out predominantly in terrestrial grassland and soil ecosystems have demonstrated that as the number of species in assembled communities increases, so too do certain ecosystem processes, such as productivity, whereas others such as decomposition can remain unaffected. Diversity can influence aspects of ecosystem function, but questions remain as to how generic the patterns observed are, and whether they are the product of diversity, as such, or of the functional roles and traits that characterize species in ecological systems. Here we demonstrate variable diversity effects for species representative of marine coastal systems at both global and regional scales. We provide evidence for an increase in complementary resource use as diversity increases and show strong evidence for diversity effects in naturally assembled communities at a regional scale. The variability among individual species responses is consistent with a positive but idiosyncratic pattern of ecosystem function with increased diversity.     

Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles

The way that nutrients cycle through atmospheric, terrestrial, oceanic and associated biotic reservoirs can constrain rates of biological production and help structure ecosystems on land and in the sea. On a global scale, cycling of nutrients also affects the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Because of their capacity for rapid growth, marine microorganisms are a major component of global nutrient cycles. Understanding what controls their distributions and their diverse suite of nutrient transformations is a major challenge facing contemporary biological oceanographers. What is emerging is an appreciation of the previously unknown degree of complexity within the marine microbial community.     

Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10?years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.     

The trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries

Biodiversity indicators provide a vital window on the state of the planet, guiding policy development and management. The most widely adopted marine indicator is mean trophic level (MTL) from catches, intended to detect shifts from high-trophic-level predators to low-trophic-level invertebrates and plankton-feeders. This indicator underpins reported trends in human impacts, declining when predators collapse ("fishing down marine food webs") and when low-trophic-level fisheries expand ("fishing through marine food webs"). The assumption is that catch MTL measures changes in ecosystem MTL and biodiversity. Here we combine model predictions with global assessments of MTL from catches, trawl surveys and fisheries stock assessments and find that catch MTL does not reliably predict changes in marine ecosystems. Instead, catch MTL trends often diverge from ecosystem MTL trends obtained from surveys and assessments. In contrast to previous findings of rapid declines in catch MTL, we observe recent increases in catch, survey and assessment MTL. However, catches from most trophic levels are rising, which can intensify fishery collapses even when MTL trends are stable or increasing. To detect fishing impacts on marine biodiversity, we recommend greater efforts to measure true abundance trends for marine species, especially those most vulnerable to fishing.     

Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities

Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing, spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to healthy levels. However, a prerequisite for restoration is a general understanding of the composition and abundance of unexploited fish communities, relative to contemporary ones. We constructed trajectories of community biomass and composition of large predatory fishes in four continental shelf and nine oceanic systems, using all available data from the beginning of exploitation. Industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation. Compensatory increases in fast-growing species were observed, but often reversed within a decade. Using a meta-analytic approach, we estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems. Our analysis suggests that management based on recent data alone may be misleading, and provides minimum estimates for unexploited communities, which could serve as the 'missing baseline' needed for future restoration efforts.     

热带岛礁型海洋牧场中珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复

我国南海的离岸岛礁以珊瑚礁生境为主。珊瑚礁在提升海洋生态资源和维护我国海洋国土权益上发挥了至关重要的作用。近年来,在全球气候变化以及人类活动的影响下,南海珊瑚礁生境和资源严重退化,威胁着渔业资源、海洋环境以及国土安全。现代化的海洋牧场被认为是实现南海资源可持续发展战略的新型海洋生物资源开发模式。珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复则是热带岛礁型海洋牧场建设的基础和关键。基于此,本文整理了珊瑚礁生境与资源修复的技术方法,详细介绍了珊瑚礁生境构建框架生物造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖、断枝培育、底播移植等技术方法以及珊瑚礁其他特色生物资源人工放流技术,并提出了在珊瑚礁生境与资源修复中所面临的问题及相应对策。