电流密度对Ni-W-B合金电沉积层结构和显微硬度的影响

采用电化学技术、ＸＲＤ、ＤＳＣ等方法研究电流密度对Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｂ合金电沉积、镀层结构和显微硬度的影响,结果表明：沉积电流密度提高,Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｂ合金电沉积层Ｗ含量增大,Ｂ含量降低,电沉积电流效率降低,所获得的合金镀层表现为亚稳态纳米晶结构,在不同电流密度下获得的Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｂ合金电沉积层的显微硬度值接近,约为６５０ｋｇ／ｍｍ＾２,与Ｎｉ－Ｗ合金相比有明显提高。     

电沉积Zn—Ni—P合金的研究：Ⅱ.NaH2PO2对锌—镍合金电沉…

用循环伏安法研究了ＮａＨ２ＰＯ２对锌镍合金电沉积的影响。结果表明：镀液中加入了ＮａＨ２ＰＯ２后，可以使合金电沉积时的阴极极化增大，并且出现成核生长的电流环，与Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ合金，Ｚｎ镀层相比，所获得的锌镍磷合金镀层的阳极溶解峰电位正移，因而可以预计Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金耐蚀性的提高。     

Fe-Ni-P合金电沉积机理

采用阴极极化技术和循环伏安技术,研究Fe-Ni-P合金的电化学特性.实验结果表明,Fe-Ni-P合金较Fe-Ni合金有较负的沉积电位,随着镀液pH值的增加,Fe-Ni-P合金的阴极沉积反应速度变小.采用恒电位阶跃技术研究Fe-Ni-P合金的电结晶行为,结果表明,在玻碳电极上,该合金的电结晶过程遵循瞬时成核三维生长模式,且随着过电位的增加,电极表面晶核数增多.     

化学沉积Ni-Cu-P合金及晶化处理对镀层结构和硬度的影响

从弱碱性化学镀溶液中化学沉积Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｐ合金,并用差热分析（ＤＳＣ）、Ｘ－射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）研究了晶化处理对镀层结构及硬度的影响。结果表明,镀液中ＣｕＳＯ４．５Ｈ２Ｏ浓度对合金组成有显著影响。在化学沉积过程中,Ｃｕ的优先析出使镀层中Ｃｕ／Ｎｉ摩尔比远远高于镀液中Ｃｕ＾２＋／Ｎ＾２＋摩尔比。镀液中ＳｕＳＯ４．５Ｈ２Ｏ浓度低时,沉积速度随其浓度增加而增大,但ＣｕＳＯ４．５Ｈ２Ｏ浓     

H~ 和SO_4~(2-)离子对PbO_2电极上ClO_4~-阳极形成过程的影响

用分解极化曲线法研究了Ｈ＋和ＳＯ２－４离子对ＰｂＯ２电极上Ｏ２和ＣｌＯ－４阳极形成过程的影响．分解得到的稳态极化曲线φ～ｌｇｉＣｌＯ－４和φ～ｌｇｉＯ２上均有一电位突跃;在２５℃下前一突跃发生在１．９～２．０Ｖ;后一突跃发生在２．０５～２．１５Ｖ左右．两者在突跃区前后的Ｔａｆｅｌ斜率均接近于２．３０３ＲＴ／βＦ（其中β约为０．５１～０．５４）．在突跃前当［Ｈ＋］减小时,使ＣｌＯ－４形成或氧的析出过程均加速,同时使开始发生电位突跃的电流密度（ｃ．ｄ．）向高ｃ．ｄ．方向推移．在高氯酸溶液中当［Ｈ＋］增加时,对Ｏ２析出过程几乎没有影响,但对突跃后的ＣｌＯ－４阳极形成具有加速作用．ＳＯ２－４对ＣｌＯ－４形成和Ｏ２的析出均有阻滞作用,但对前者的阻滞作用要大于对后者的阻滞作用,因而使ＣｌＯ－４的电流效率下降     

高速电镀锌—镍合金

采用高速电镀实验装置强制电解液湍流运动，在高电流密度下，对简单硫酸盐体系中Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ合金电沉积规则进行了研究。证明了Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ共沉积为异常共沉积，镀液中［Ｎｉ］／［Ｎｉ＋Ｚｎ］比及电流密度增加，镀层镍含量上升；镀液流速增加，镍含量下降，确定了高速电镀该合金工艺。     

高速电镀锌－镍合金

采用高速电镀实验装置强制电解液湍流运动，在高电流密度下，对简单硫酸盐体系中Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ合金电沉积规律进行了研究，证明Ｚｎ－Ｎｉ共沉积为异常共沉积，镀液中［ＮＩ］／［Ｎｉ＋Ｚｎ］比及电流密度增加，镀层镍含量上升；镀液流速增加，镍含量下降。确定了高速电镀该合金工艺。     

含钨的多元复合析氢电极

用复合镀法制得Ｎｉ－Ｗ－ＷＣ－ＷＯ３复合电极，在０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４中的氢超电势比软钢降低２８０ｍＶ，ｉ０提高三个数量级，电极表面粗糙度为Ｎｉ电极的三倍。在３００ｍＡ／ｃｍ＾２的大电流密度下，进行的长期恒电流电解试验表明电极性能稳定。ＸＰＳ分析证明电极表面主要成分为Ｎｉ，Ｗ，ＷＣ，ＷＯ３等。     

镍在碱溶液中阳极氧化膜的拉曼光谱

利用拉曼光谱方法研究了Ｎｉ在１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液中阳极氧化膜的性质，结果表明，在电极电位为０．５５Ｖ时，表面氧化膜为β－ＮｉＯＯＨ，在０．３Ｖ和－０．４Ｖ时，虽然大部分β－ＮｉＯＯＨ已被还原成β－Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２，但表面的最外层可能是ＮｉＯ薄层，在电位阶跃的同时，记录表面拉曼光谱光谱的变化，在β－ＮｉＯＯＨ膜的阴极还原时，光谱变化缓慢，可以认为，反应起始于β－ＮｉＯＯＨ／Ｎｉ界面或膜内部，     

非晶态合金镀层的耐蚀性能

电沉积Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｐ非晶合金中Ｗ含量可高达５５．２％,硬度为７００～１１００Ｈｖ,经５５０℃热处理,可达１３００～１４００Ｈｖ,镀层硬度和耐蚀性优于Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶镀层,非晶镀层中的类金属元素Ｐ可使腐蚀电位正移,高熔点元素Ｗ可使合金镀层在酸溶液中发生钝化,有Ｗ含量越高维钝化电流密度越低;金属Ｃｒ元素除降低维钝电流密度外,还使钝化区范围加宽,孔蚀电位显著变正,浸泡实验结果表明,在３０℃,１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣ     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-