草原火烧后土壤微生物的变化

研究了不同时间不同频次的草原火烧对土壤微生物的影响。火烧主要影响土壤表层的微生物数量和生物量。土壤微生物数量和生物量随着生长季由春到秋的推进而升高。与春烧地相比,秋烧地更有益于土壤微生物微量的增加。火烧后不久,火烧地土壤微生物数量和生物量低于未烧地;经过一定时间的恢复（尤其在火烧次年）,火烧地微生物数量和生物量逐渐升高并超过未烧地。     

草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化

研究了草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化。结果表明,草原春季火一,由于当降水充分,火烧地植物群落产生提高;第二年降水不足,火 植物群落产量低于未烧地。火烧地植群落地上生产量的绝对增长率高于未烧地。火 植物群落地下生物量在火烧后当年升高,第二年降低。     

草原火烧后地温的变化

草原火烧后,火烧地白天土壤地表温度比未烧地高,夜间比未烧地低,导致火烧地昼夜温差加大。地表层以下,火烧温度的日变化恒高于未烧地。     

火烧后草原植物营养和热值的变化

研究了不同时间不同频次的草原火烧后,植物体内营养含量和热值的变化。表明,割草地火烧后当年羊草体内营养含量普遍高于割草未烧地,但随着生长季的推进,火烧地羊草体内Ｎ、Ｃａ、Ｃ的含量逐渐低于未烧地,大针芭也表出出与间 草相似的变化规律,只是在生长季后期,未烧地大针茅体内粗纤维含量高于火烧地,火烧后翌年,烧地羊草体内除粗纤维外,未烧地大针茅体内粗纤维含量高于火烧地。火烧后翌年,火烧地羊草体内除粗纤维外,其     

松嫩平原盐碱化草地消融期土壤水盐运移特征

研究了松嫩盐碱化草地消融期盐碱裸地和羊草草地土壤剖面水盐变化.结果表明,土壤消融过程中,冻结层双向融化,上层消融速度快于下层,盐碱裸地消融速度快于羊草草地;强烈的水分蒸发引起表层土壤(0~20 cm)水分损失严重,引发深层盐分向上迁移,在冻结期潜在积盐的基础上,形成春季表层土壤的“爆发式”积盐.与羊草草地相比,盐碱裸地表层积盐更为强烈,盐分来源于较深的土壤剖面.     

闽北3种人工林土壤游离氨基酸组成及其差异研究

3种人工林土壤游离氨基酸总含量表现出明显的垂直分布特征.针阔叶混交林和针叶林表层(0～20 cm)土壤游离氨基酸含量显著高于深层(20～40 cm)土壤的含量(P＜0.05);而阔叶林表层土壤游离氨基酸含量低于深层土壤的含量,但差异不显著.土壤游离氨基酸各组分均表现出显著的垂直分布特征,阔叶林表层土壤中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量显著高于深层土壤对应组分的含量,但苏氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸显著低于深层土壤对应组分的含量;针阔叶混交林表层土 壤中酪氨酸、组氨酸和脯氨酸低于深层土壤的含量,而其余组分均显著高于深层土壤的含量;而针叶林中除甲硫氨酸和赖氨酸外,其余15种氨基酸在表层土壤中的含量均高于深层土壤中对应组分的含量.3种人工林中无论是表层土壤还是深层土壤,游离氨基酸均以中性氨基酸含量为最高,碱性和酸性氨基酸含量次之,含硫氨基酸含量最低.表层土壤中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬草氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸的含量依次为:针叶林＜阔叶林＜针阔叶混交林,而赖氨酸和脯氨酸的含量则以针叶林为最高,针阔叶混交林次之,阔叶林最低;阔叶林表层土壤中络氨酸和胱氨酸含量最高.深层土壤中各组分氨基酸除赖氨酸之外均以针叶林中含量最低,针阔叶混交林次之,而阔叶林中含量最高.     

冀北辽河源自然保护区油松林火烧迹地土壤化学性质研究

以冀北辽河源自然保护区油松林火烧迹地为研究区,研究不同土壤深度(>0~5cm、>5~10cm、>10~20cm)以及不同火强度(未火烧、轻度、中度、重度和极度)干扰下油松林土壤化学性质,对火烧迹地土壤的改良和油松林的恢复更新具有实践意义.研究结果表明:火烧1年后,土壤pH 有所升高;土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾质量分数除在极度火强度下,其他火强度下都有所升高;磷和有效磷在过火土壤中的质量分数亦增加;土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全钾、全磷和有效磷质量分数在土层垂直分布上的状况为表层土大于深层土.因此,火烧对土壤表层产生较大影响且强度合理的火干扰可以有效提高土壤肥力.      

火灾对毛竹林地土壤抗蚀性与渗透性的影响

通过对北碚区茅庵林场内火烧毛竹林地和未烧毛竹林地的土壤抗蚀性和渗透性进行试验并进行相关分析，结果表明；（1）与未烧林地相比，火烧林地的土壤〉0．5mm和〉0．25mm水稳性团聚体相比分别降低了23．80％和17．33％，水稳性指数降低了47．73％，渗透速率降低了65．60oA．（2）火烧林地〉0．5mm和〉0．25mm水稳性团聚体含量与初渗速率及平均入渗速率为正相关，即其水稳性团聚体含量愈高，入渗速率愈慢，而未烧林地则相反．森林火灾较大程度改变了土壤的抗蚀性和入渗特征，通过对其研究可更合理地恢复灾后森林结构和功能．     

火烧对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤呼吸速率的影响

根据远红外气体分析原理,采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室于2007年6～9月对土壤呼吸速率进行了测定,比较了未火烧小叶锦鸡儿灌丛与连续两年火烧后小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤呼吸速率及其与各影响因子的关系.结果表明：（1）整个生长季（6～9月）,未火烧小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤呼吸速率高于火烧小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤呼吸速率.二者6月土壤呼吸速率最高,其他月份随时间的推移有所下降.（2）统计分析表明,未火烧小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈显著相关（r=0.522,p〈0.05）,与土壤温度呈负相关,相关性不显著.而火烧锦鸡儿灌丛土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量极显著相关（r=0.805,p〈0.01）,与土壤温度的相关性不显著.土壤含水量是土壤呼吸的主要限制因子.     

兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤速效钾时空动态分析

【目的】研究不同强度火干扰下兴安落叶松林土壤速效钾含量的时空变化,探讨其变化规律与空间格局的形成原因,分析火烧迹地恢复初期土壤速效钾营养水平,为林地土壤钾营养调控与管理提供参考。【方法】在大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林地布设固定采样点,进行林火点烧试验,分别于火烧前、火烧后、融雪季后和生长季采用土钻法在固定点位30 cm半径内采集土壤样品,采用乙酸铵法测定土壤速效钾含量,分析轻、中、重度火烧区土壤速效钾时空变化特征。【结果】①轻度火烧区,土壤速效钾含量未因火烧立即发生明显变化,但在融雪季显著上升,生长季仍维持较高水平;中、重度火烧区,则在火烧后立即升高,融雪季进一步上升,而后相对稳定;②火烧强度空间格局与土壤速效钾含量空间格局在融雪季和生长季均极显著正相关,与土壤速效钾含量变化率在火烧后的各时期均极显著正相关;原生土壤速效钾含量与火烧后各时期土壤速效钾含量及其变化率均显著相关;火烧后,土壤速效钾空间格局是原生土壤速效钾含量空间格局与火烧强度空间格局综合作用的结果。【结论】经过融雪季与生长季,兴安落叶松林轻、中、重度火烧区土壤速效钾含量显著升高,有利于火烧迹地恢复初期森林植被更新与改造。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.