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1.
Differential display analysis of gene expression in plants 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
2.
Screening for differentially expressed genes is a straightforward approach to study the molecular basis for changes in gene
expression. Differential display analysis has been used by investigators in diverse fields of research since it was developed.
Differential display has also been the approach of choice to investigate changes in gene expression in response to various
biological challenges in invertebrates. We review the application of differential display analysis of gene expression in invertebrates,
and provide a specific example using this technique for novel gene discovery in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. 相似文献
3.
Differential display is used worldwide as a method to identify changes in gene expression and to discover novel genes that are involved in important biological pathways. The principle of differential display is the systematic amplification of the 3' termini of messenger RNAs by using anchored oligo-dT primers in combination with upstream arbitrary primers. The separation of the polymerase chain reaction products by gel electrophoresis and their direct comparison allows the identification of differentially regulated genes. Recently, fluorescent differential display was established as the first nonradioactive differential display system with equivalent sensitivity to originally 33P isotopic labeling method. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, reproducibility and automation, which increase the throughput and accuracy, differential display has become one of the most widely used gene-screening methods in biomedical research involving mammals. This chapter provides a glimpse of the application of differential display in search of target genes of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. 相似文献
4.
Differential display analysis of gene expression in yeast 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
5.
T. P. O’Connor 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,55(11):1358-1364
Neurons must often extend axons over fairly long distances, making multiple changes in their trajectory of growth before
arriving at their final target. It has become clear that as growth cones navigate these complex projections, they typically
extend toward a number of intermediate targets before they contact their final target. Recent work from a variety of systems
has identified intermediate targets that seem to play similar roles in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system development.
From these examples it appears that a general model of axon guidance can be proposed whereby neurons are guided to their targets
segmentally. Within each segment, an intermediate target appears to be the primary target for growth cone recognition and
thus the completion of the journey to the final target is determined by a series of successful segmental pathfinding decisions. 相似文献
6.
Differential display technology: a general guide 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The 10 years since the invention of differential display technology (DD) has produced a massive amount of literature detailing
problems and improvements to the technique, successful gene expression studies and studies done using genes found through
the use of DD. In this review we summarise the results of 10 years of research that has focussed on improving DD and discuss
how some of the problems associated with DD can be resolved or minimised. In addition to discussing DD, we address issues
related to other differential gene expression analysis techniques and try to illustrate how these techniques can be used to
complement one's use of DD. This review also serves as an introduction to the taxa-specific DD review articles that are found
in this issue. 相似文献
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8.
Heat shock genes exhibit complex patterns of spatial and temporal regulation during embryonic development of a wide range
of organisms. Our laboratory has been involved in an analysis of heat shock gene expression in the zebrafish, a model system
which is now utilized extensively for the examination of early embryonic development of vertebrates. Members of the zebrafish
hsp47, hsp70 and hsp90 gene families have been cloned and shown to be closely related to their counterparts in higher vertebrates.
Expression of these genes has been examined using Northern blot and whole mount in situ hybridization analyses. Both the hsp47
and hsp90 genes are expressed in a highly tissue-restricted manner during normal development. The data raise a number of interesting
questions regarding the function and regulation of these heat shock genes during early zebrafish development. 相似文献
9.
The angiogenins 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
D. J. Strydom 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1998,54(8):811-824
The angiogenic and other biological functions of the angiogenins, members of the pancreatic RNase superfamily of proteins,
are reviewed in the context of their primary and tertiary structures. The ribonucleolytic activity and interactions with the
placental ribonuclease inhibitor have seen much study in the last few years. The mechanism of the angiogenic activity of angiogenin
has recently been postulated as involving multiple interactions with other proteins through specific regions on the molecular
surface of angiogenin. These molecular partners include heparin, plasminogen, elastase, angiostatin, actin and most importantly
a 170-kilodalton receptor on subconfluent endothelial cells. The existence of the latter receptor was established in conjunction
with a mitogenic activity of angiogenin on subconfluent cells. The levels of angiogenin in various physiological and disease
states are summarized, including various studies on pregnancy and angiogenin. Correlations are seen between states of enhanced
angiogenesis and angiogenin levels. An overview of the relationship of angiogenin and the other RNases of the superfamily
showed that their genes all are in relative close proximity on human chromosome 14. Examination of the many expressed sequence
tags published in the public databanks, for angiogenin and the other RNases, revealed that angiogenin and RNase-4 (the most
evolutionarily conserved RNase), share various identical 5′-untranslated regions on their sets of messenger RNAs, suggesting
that their genes are in very close proximity on chromosome 14 and that they are products of differential splicing. This in
turn suggests that, in both humans and mice, expression of these two proteins is under identical control, with obvious implications
for their biological activities. The evolutionary history of the angiogenins is examined briefly on the basis of the protein
sequences of the human, rabbit, pig, two bovine and four mouse angiogenins, and two mouse angiogenin pseudogene sequences.
The discrepancy between the conventional requirement for conservatism in structure to allow multimolecule interactions, and
the actual fast-changing sequence of the angiogenins, in concert with the wide-ranging activity even in birds, of human angiogenin,
is discussed. 相似文献
10.
11.
L. A. García-Alonso 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,55(11):1386-1398
The peripheral sensory system of the Drosophila adult has been used for the genetic analysis of axon guidance because of its accessibility for experimental manipulation
and mutant screens. Wing, leg, antenna, or eye sensory axons are able to pathfind normally under different perturbations,
indicating that sensory axon guidance is a highly canalized process. Similarly to other model systems, sensory growth cones
seem to use multiple, simultaneous cues for guidance. In addition, sensory axons from peripheral structures seem to be capable
of using alternative substrates for pathfinding. Developmental regulation could account for the high stability of axon guidance
under experimental and natural perturbation conditions. Despite this flexibility, functional characterization of genes involved
in sensory axon guidance is being carried out in situations where there appears to be less system redundancy. 相似文献
12.
D. K. Willis T. M. Barta T. G. Kinscherf 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1991,47(8):765-771
Genes for phytotoxin production have been identified and cloned from several phytopathogenic pseudomonads. These genes comprise physically linked clusters that have been located both on the chromosome and on endogenous plasmids. Contained within these genetic regions are resistance genes specific to those toxins that have a bactericidal component to their activity. DNA sequences required for toxin production are often conserved among bacteria with divergent host specificities, suggesting the ability of toxin genes to be transferred between bacteria. Toxins are usually modulators of plant pathogenicity, their production causing a significant increase in disease severity. In one case, however, toxin production appears to be a major contributor to the basic pathogenicity of a plant pathogenic bacterium. 相似文献
13.
14.
Comparative studies of the genes involved in sex determination in the three extant classes of mammals, and other vertebrates,
has allowed us to identify genes that are highly conserved in vertebrate sex determination and those that have recently evolved
roles in one lineage. Analysis of the conservation and function of candidate genes in different vertebrate groups has been
crucial to our understanding of their function and positioning in a conserved vertebrate sex-determining pathway. Here we
review comparisons between genes in the sex-determining pathway in different vertebrates, and ask how these comparisons affect
our views on the role of each gene in vertebrate sex determination. 相似文献
15.
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17.
Heat shock protein gene expression during Xenopus development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. J. Heikkila N. Ohan Y. Tam A. Ali 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1997,53(1):114-121
Stress-induced heat shock protein gene expression is developmentally regulated during early embryogen esis of the frog, Xenopus laevis. For example, a number of heat shock protein genes, such as hsp70,
hsp90, and ubiquitin are not heat-inducible until after the midblastula stage of embryogenesis. Furthermore, the family of small heat shock protein
genes, hsp30, are differentially expressed after the midblastula stage as well as being regulated at the level of mRNA stability. Many
of these stress proteins are also synthesized constitutively during oogenesis and embryogenesis during which they may act
as molecular chaperones as well as being involved in sequestering proteins in an inactive state until required by the developing
embryo. Furthermore the induction of these stress protein genes has been correlated with enhanced thermoresistance. During
stressful conditions heat shock proteins probably prevent aggregation or misfolding of damaged protei
ns within the embryo. 相似文献
18.
Barratt G 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2003,60(1):21-37
Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles are able to modify the distribution of an associated substance.
They can therefore be used to improve the therapeutic index of drugs by increasing their efficacy and/or reducing their toxicity.
If these delivery systems are carefully designed with respect to the target and route of administration, they may provide
one solution to some of the delivery problems posed by new classes of active molecules such as peptides, proteins, genes,
and oligonucleotides. They may also extend the therapeutic potential of established drugs such as doxorubicin and amphotericin
B. This article discusses the use of colloidal, particulate carrier systems (25 nm to 1 μm in diameter) in such applications.
In particular, systems which show diminished uptake by mononuclear phagocytes are described. Specific targeting of carriers
to particular tissues or cells is also considered.
Received 8 April 2002; received after revision 25 June 2002; accepted 26 June 2002 相似文献
19.
20.
The Ror receptor tyrosine kinase family 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Forrester WC 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2002,59(1):83-96
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) participate in numerous developmental decisions. Ror RTKs are a family of orphan receptors
that are related to muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and Trk neurotrophin receptors. MuSK assembles acetylcholine receptors at
the neuromuscular junction [1, 2], and Trk receptors function in the developing nervous system (reviewed in [3-5]). Rors have
been identified in nematodes, insects and mammals. Recent studies have begun to shed light on Ror function during development.
In most species, Rors are expressed in many tissue types during development. Analyses of mutants that are defective in the
single nematode Ror demonstrate a role in cell migration and in orienting cell polarity. Mice lacking one of the two Ror gene
products display defects in bone and heart formation. Similarly, two different human bone development disorders, dominant
brachydactyly B and recessive Robinow syndrome, result from mutations in one of the human Ror genes.
Received 17 April 2001; received after revision 2 July 2001; accepted 4 July 2001 相似文献