Traffic simulation and forecasting system in Beijing

Transport system is a time-varying, huge and complex system. In order to have the traffic management department make pre-appropriate traffic management measures to adjust the traffic management control program, and release travel information to travelers, to provide optimal path options to ensure that the transport system operates efficiently and safely, we have to monitor the changing of the state of road traffic and to accurately evaluate the state of the traffic, then to pre-predict the future state of traffic. This paper represents the construction of the road traffic flow simulation including the logical structure and the physical structure, meanwhile introduces the system functions of forecasting system in Beijing.     

Fractal Characteristics of Dry Sliding Surfaces Based on 3-D Measurements

3-D surface morphology measurements of compact graphite irons were used to analyze the fractal characteristics of the surfaces to relate the dry sliding surface morphology to the fractal dimension. The measurements show that the fractal dimensions (Df) of the sliding surfaces vary from1 to 2 and are closely related to the surface morphologies. Increasing depths of grooves or pits increases the Df values, At the same time, increasing densities of the grooves also causes the Df values to increase. The data can be used to discuss relationship between Df and the friction coefficient as well as the wear rate.     

Development of Simulation System for the Disaster Evacuation Based on Multi-Agent Model Using

This paper presents a simulation system for the disaster evacuation based on multi-agent model considering geographical information. This system consists of three parts, the modeling for the land and buildings using GIS data, the analysis of disaster evacuation using multi-agent model, and the visualization for the numerical results using the virtual reality technique. By introducing the numerical solver of the natural disaster to the present system, it is possible to evaluate not only the damage of structure but also the damage of human being. Furthermore, it is possible to investigate the appropriate evacuation route by the simulation. The Dijkstra algorithm is used to obtain shortest route to the refuge. In addition, the visualization using virtual reality technique is curried out to understand the feeling of refugee. The present system is applied to the evacuation analysis by the flood flow in urban area and is shown to be a useful tool to investigate the damage by natural disasters.     

Weak solutions of the isothermal bipolar hydrodynamic model for semiconductors with large data

This paper is devoted to weak solutions of Cauchy problem to the isothermal bipolar hydrodynamic model with large data. The model takes the bipolar Euler-Poisson form, with electric field and relaxation terms added to the momentum equations. Using Glimm scheme to the hyperbolic part and the standard theory to the ordinary differential equations, we first construct the approximation solutions, then from the facts that the total charge is quasi-conservation, we can obtain a uniform estimate of the total variation of the electric field, which allows to prove the L∞ estimate of densities and velocities, and the convergence of the scheme. Then we can prove the global existence of weal solution to Cauchy problem with large data.     

Pricing Decision Support System for Generation Companies in Electricity Market

In order to meet the requirement of separating power plants from power network and that of the competition based power transaction in power market, the pricing decision support system for generation companies (GCPDSS) is built in electricity market. This paper introduces the conception of intelligent decision support system (IDSS) and puts emphasis on the systematical structural framework,work process, design principal, and fundamental function of GCPDSS. The system has the module to analyze the cost, to forecast the demand of power, to construct the pricing strategies, to manage the pricing risk, and to dispatch giving the pricing strategies.The case study illustrates that the friendly window-based user interface of the system enables the user to take full advantage of the capabilities of the system in order to make effective real-time decisions.     

Vulnerability assessment of areas affected by Chinese cryospheric changes in future climate change scenarios

Using the definition of vulnerability provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,this paper assesses the vulnerability of areas affected by Chinese cryospheric changes from 2001 to 2020 and from 2001 to 2050 in A1 and B1scenarios.Seven indices are used in the vulnerability assessment:glacial area fraction,interannual variability of permafrost depth,interannual variability of surface snow area fraction,interannual variability of surface runoff,interannual variability of surface temperature,interannual variability of vegetation growth,and interannual variability of the human development index.Assessment results show that the overall vulnerability of the studied areas in China increases from east to west.The areas in the middle and eastern parts of China are less vulnerable compared with western parts and parts of the Tibetan Plateau.The highest vulnerability values are found from 1981 to 2000,and the least ones are found from 2001 to 2050.The vulnerable areas increase from the period of 1981 to 2000 to the period of 2001 to 2050,and the less vulnerable areas decrease.The highly vulnerable areas increase from the period of 1981 to 2000 to the period of 2001 to 2020 and then decrease from the period of 2001 to 2020 to the period of 2001 to 2050.This decrease in vulnerability is attributed to the decrease in exposure and sensitivity to Chinese cryospheric changes along with a concomitant increase in adaptation.     

The Elite Strategies in the CIMS Subject of China 863 Program（1986—2000）

Manpower is the key factor to the success of the CIMS Subject of China 863 Program.Many manpower strategies have been used in the CIMS Subject,which include elite strategies,training and practicing strategies,and culture strategies.This paper is mainly about the elite strategies such as to discover the talents,to cultivate the elites and to establish the mechanism for the expert groups to work in team,echelon and vigor.     

A Fuzzy Set-Based Approach for Model-Based Internet-Banking System Security Risk Assessment

A fuzzy set-based evaluation approach is demonstrated to assess the security risks for internet-banking System. The Internet-banking system is semi-formally described using Unified Modeling Language （UML） to specify the behavior and state of the system on the base of analyzing the existing qualitative risk assessment methods. And a quantitative method based on fuzzy set is used to measure security risks of the system, A case study was performed on the WEB server of the Internet-banking System using fuzzy-set based assessment algorithm to quantitatively compute the security risk severity. The numeric result also provides a method to decide the most critical component which should amuse the system administrator enough attention to take the appropriate security measure or controls to alleviate the risk severity. The experiments show this method can be used to quantify the security properties for the Internet-banking System in practice.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of a single polymer in hydrophilic nano-slits

The behavior of a single polyethylene polymer in aqueous solution confined between two hydrophilic walls is studied with molecular dynamics （MD） simulations. The thickness of the nano-slit ranges from 1.26 to 3.15 nm, which is comparative to the polymer dimension. A monotonic transition from 3D- to 2D-like configurations is observed as the distance between the two walls narrows. Monomers are compressed into several layers and the preferred bond orientations alternate between parallel and normal to the walls accordingly. The diffusivity in the direction parallel to the wall is always larger than the one perpendicular to it. Calculation of the entropy and enthalpy changes during the folding of the polymer chain alone cannot explain the spontaneous process. The corresponding increase in water entropy due to volume expansion may be large enough to result in the overall free energy decrease.     

含磷及含氮农药稀溶液萃取分离的研究

农药生产废水对环境产生了极大的危害。该文在分析农药亲油性的基础上,对含磷及含氮农药稀溶液的萃取平衡特性作了较为系统的研究。研究表明,溶质的亲油性可以作为选择萃取溶剂的依据。溶质的亲油性和溶剂的极性、萃水率是影响物理萃取分配系数的重要因素,络合剂的种类、浓度以及稀释剂的种类、溶质的亲油性都会影响络合萃取的分配系数。在研究农药萃取分离特性的基础上,采用农药稀溶液进行了错流萃取研究,溶剂萃取前后溶液生物降解性的比较表明,萃取置换－生物处理法治理难降解有机废水具有很大的潜力     

Separations of Metal Ions Using Ionic Liquids： The Challenges of Multiple Mechanisms

Introduction Ionic liquids (ILs) are proving to be increasingly inter-esting fluids for application in soft-matter materialssystems from electrochemistry to energetic materialsand are also studied as potential solvents in separationprocesses[1-19]. Proper…     

Detection of Design Fault in Dart Placement - intersecting Dart

It is easy to apply lines in design drawings to create different styles, however, there is no guarantee that all the style lines drawn are able to be manufactured. In this paper, we focus on one undeliverable style to enhance our understanding of the relationship between the design sketch and the pattern design process. In order to evidence that such style is unworkable, a systematic display of pattern development, and to be reinforced by mathematical evaluation, will be introduced and addressed. When one can easily detect design fault, waste of product development time can be minimized.     

可控溶剂体系及其在化学反应和分离中的应用

CO2诱导的可开关溶剂(switchable solvents)和有机物-水可调控溶剂(organic aqueous tunable sol-vents)是近年来发展的两类新型的较绿色溶剂体系.这两类溶剂均使用CO2作为可逆"开关",通入CO2使体系的物理化学性质或相数发生变化,除去CO2后体系恢复到原来的状态.因此,这些溶剂体系被称之为可控溶剂体系.本文在介绍可控溶剂体系类型的基础上,重点综述了可控溶剂体系的研究进展和存在的问题,以及可控溶剂体系在大豆油的提取、藻类中碳氢化合物的提取、烯烃氢甲酰化反应和酶催化反应中的应用,并提出了可控溶剂体系需要进一步研究的若干重要问题.从总体上看,使用可控溶剂体系,可以减少反应过程中有机溶剂的用量,并在温和条件下实现溶剂极性、水溶性和体系相数的显著、可逆变化,因此可使化合物的合成、纯化以及均相催化剂的回收等过程变得更加简便、高效.     

Experimental Losses and Optimum Conditions for Phenanthrene Extraction

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of pollutants that are widespread in the environment. Their hydrophobic properties make accurate analyses very difficult. In addition, the experimental losses during extraction of PAHs are inevitable and of great concern. In this study, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CF), and carbon disulfide (CDS) were used as solvents to extract phenanthrene (PHN), a typical PAH, at various temperature and pressure reduction conditions. The extraction was improved using a multiple microtube extraction methodology. The results indicate that the CDS had the best performance followed by CF and DCM at 25℃ and standard pressure. This was ascribed to the intensity of the molecular interactions between the solvent, the water, and the PHN due to their different molecular structures leading to different stereo and hydrogen bonding effects. The optimum conditions for extraction of PHN by CDS were determined by correlating the experimental results. The regression shows that the experimental loss rate is linearly proportional to the pressure reduction and exponentially related to the temperature. The correlation can be used to improve extraction efficiencies.     

Modulating the magnetic relaxation of lanthanide-based single-molecule magnets

In the area of molecular magnetism,single molecule magnets (SMMs) containing lanthanide elements are of immense scientific and technological interest because of their large energy barriers and high measured hysteresis temperature.Although there has been significant progress in the synthesis and characterization of lanthanide-based SMMs,there are still challenges,for instance,how single-ion anisotropy of lanthanide elements can be exploited,and how zero-field tunneling of magnetization can be suppressed.This article is devoted to the progress in various methodologies for modulating magnetic relaxation,especially in terms of crystal field and magnetic interactions.The crystal field plays a dominant role in creating single-molecule magnets with largely anisotropic f-elements,while the strong coupling between magnetic centers is able to suppress quantum tunneling of magnetization efficiently.     

锂离子电池二氧化锡负极材料研究进展

由于以碳为负极材料的锂离子电池(LIBs)已很难满足高性能电子产品对高能量密度的需求,因此研究新的锂离子电池负极材料成为近年来主要的研究方向。在金属氧化物中,二氧化锡(SnO_2)以其较高的理论比容量(782 mAh/g)引起了广泛的关注。首先概述了SnO_2的不同形貌如纳米颗粒、纳米棒、纳米片、纳米微球等在锂离子电池方面的特性;然后阐述了通过掺杂或修饰改善其结构及电化学性能;最后展望了SnO_2基负极材料的纳米结构设计与改进在锂离子电池领域面临的挑战。     

Collective synthesis of natural products by means of organocascade catalysis

Organic chemists are now able to synthesize small quantities of almost any known natural product, given sufficient time, resources and effort. However, translation of the academic successes in total synthesis to the large-scale construction of complex natural products and the development of large collections of biologically relevant molecules present significant challenges to synthetic chemists. Here we show that the application of two nature-inspired techniques, namely organocascade catalysis and collective natural product synthesis, can facilitate the preparation of useful quantities of a range of structurally diverse natural products from a common molecular scaffold. The power of this concept has been demonstrated through the expedient, asymmetric total syntheses of six well-known alkaloid natural products: strychnine, aspidospermidine, vincadifformine, akuammicine, kopsanone and kopsinine.     

松科植物萜类合成酶及其基因家族研究进展

萜类化合物是松科(Pinaceae)植物中重要的代谢物,它们与松科植物生长发育、信息传递、气候适应和化学防御等关系密切,在植物生理和生态等方面具有重要功能。松科植物萜类化合物还广泛应用在制药、生物燃料以及合成化学等工业领域,具有重要的经济价值。松科植物通过甲羟戊酸途径和甲基赤藓糖磷酸途径合成所有萜类物质合成所必需的5碳前体,并在异戊烯基转移酶家族、萜类合成酶家族作用下合成单萜、倍半萜和二萜等不同长度碳链的萜类分子骨架,并进一步在细胞色素P450酶家族的作用下发生甲基化、羟基化、过氧化、糖基化等酶促反应形成具有结构极为丰富的萜类化合物。和其他次生代谢过程类似,多种酶及其基因在萜烯化合物形成过程中起到了至关重要的作用,同时,萜类化合物结构多样性的形成也主要依赖于萜类合成酶及其基因。植物中已经发现了大量的萜类合成酶,由于大量植物基因组、转录组等组学数据的公布,不断有新的萜类合成酶被报道。笔者介绍了植物萜类化合物前体的合成途径及其关键酶基因、植物萜类合成酶的结构和类型,着重阐述松科植物萜类合成酶结构、功能以及相应基因家族鉴定和系统分类的研究进展,并针对松科植物萜类合成酶及其基因研究领域存在的研究树种偏少、松科植物萜烯类代谢可能存在的特异代谢路径重视程度不够、适用于针叶树种相关基因的功能研究平台搭建欠缺、多基因网络调控松科植物萜烯类合成机制研究未得到系统开展、产脂和抗逆相关的松科植物关键基因未得到挖掘与利用等相关问题提出了建议,以期为松科植物萜类生物合成机制解析及松科植物遗传改良提供参考。     

Use of Ionic Liquid as Green Catalyst, Reagent as Well as Reaction Medium in Chemical Transformations

1 Introduction The toxic and volatile nature of many organic solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons that are widely used in organic synthesis have posed a serious threat to the environment. Thus, design of organic solvent-free reaction and use of alternative green solvents like water, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids have received tremendous attention in recent times in the area of green synthesis. The ionic liquids have been the subject of considerable current interest as envi…