钢表面激光熔覆铁/镍基合金熔覆层的组织与性能研究

针对提高20Cr13不锈钢的表面性能,采用激光熔覆技术在基体表面制备M2铁基和Ni60A镍基合金熔覆层;通过使用光学显微镜、显微硬度计以及电化学工作站对两种熔覆层进行金相组织、显微硬度和电化学腐蚀性能差异性研究;结果表明:铁基、镍基熔覆层与基体结合界面均有明显的白亮带,无气孔、裂纹等缺陷;铁基涂层微观组织主要由等轴晶和胞状晶组成,镍基涂层微观组织主要由和树枝晶组成;铁基涂层的显微硬度为5417 HV,镍基涂层的显微硬度为5923 HV,约为基体显微硬度（2207 HV）的2~3倍;铁基、镍基涂层均与20Cr13钢基体表面形成了较好的冶金结合,二者表面硬度均有了有显著提升,在熔覆区采用Ni60A镍基材料时的显微硬度要比采用M2铁基材料时的显微硬度高,而在热影响区部位两者显微硬度相差不大;铁基涂层的自腐蚀电位（-021 V）略高于镍基涂层的自腐蚀电位（-023 V）,铁基涂层的耐腐蚀性优于镍基涂层。     

镍基和钴基合金喷熔涂层的抗汽蚀性能研究

采用氧乙炔火焰喷熔法在Q235钢表面制备了镍基和钴基合金涂层.利用光学显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对涂层进行了组织和相结构分析,测试了涂层的硬度和抗汽蚀性能,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对两种涂层的汽蚀形貌进行了观察,探讨了镍基和钴基喷熔层的汽蚀破坏机理.实验结果表明:镍基和钴基喷熔层都优于常用于水利机械的抗汽蚀马氏体不锈钢ZG06Cr16Ni5Mo(16-5钢),适用于对水利机械零件进行修复和预防护.     

9SiCr工具钢表面激光熔覆合金的组织与性能

使用CO2激光器对9SiCr工具钢表面进行Co基和Ni基合金熔覆处理,X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜分析了激光合金熔覆层的相组成和显微组织;显微硬度计对合金熔覆区的显微硬度进行测量·结果表明,合金熔覆层在微观结构上存在熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响3个区域·Co基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物,Ni基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物+金属间化合物·Ni基合金熔覆层的显微硬度约为Co基的2倍     

等离子熔覆高铬铁基涂层高温耐磨性与耐空蚀性

采用等离子熔覆工艺,以Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni复合粉末为原料;在Q235钢基材表面制备了高铬铁基复合涂层。测试了涂层的高温耐磨性和耐空蚀性。结果表明,涂层中含有大量硬质耐磨相（Cr,Fe）7C3,具有较高的显微硬度,涂层在高温干滑动磨损条件下具有优异的耐磨性能和载荷特性,经44 h空蚀试验后累积的质量损失量为0Cr13Ni6Mo不锈钢的0.497倍,具有一定的耐空蚀性能。     

结晶器铜板上激光熔覆镍基合金

利用5kWCO2激光器在结晶器铜板上熔覆镍基合金,并研究了熔覆层组织性能.选用与结晶器铜板成分相近的镍基自熔合金粉末Nickel-baseHMSP1015-00(Ni1015),利用等离子喷涂技术在铜板上预涂Ni1015合金,然后再采用高能量密度激光进行重熔.借助OM,SEM和显微硬度计分析测定了涂层的显微组织形貌、组织成分和截面显微硬度分布情况.所得到的熔覆层表面平整均匀,与基体为冶金结合;熔覆层平均显微硬度为270HV0.05,是基体的3.2倍(85HV0.05).确定出本实验合适的激光熔覆工艺参数功率密度为1.58×102kW/cm2时,扫描速度为3~4m/min.     

宽带激光熔覆铸造ＷＣp／Ni基合金复合涂层结合界面组织特征

研究了宽带激光熔覆铸造ＷＣp/Ｎｉ基合金复合涂层结合界面组织特征。结果表明结合界面微区组织特征为细小的共晶体组织、过渡层组织以及白亮带组织。白亮带及过渡层中主要含有Fe,Cr,Ni,Si等元素。白亮带主要是单相的γ－(Fe,Cr,Ni,Si)固溶体组织。从熔覆区→过渡层→白亮带的平均显微硬度值呈梯度分布。复合涂层结合界面主要元素、微观组织结构和显微硬度呈梯度分布的特征,提高了涂层与基材之间的匹配性,缓解应力集中,避免裂纹形成,实现了基材与涂层良好的冶金结合。     

TC4合金氩弧熔覆TiN复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

为提高钛合金表面性能,以TiN粉和Ti粉为原料,利用氩弧熔覆技术,在TC4合金表面成功制备出TiN增强Ti基复合涂层。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织和物相组成;利用显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合涂层的显微硬度和室温干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能。结果表明:氩弧熔覆涂层组织均匀致密,熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,熔覆涂层主要由TiN棒状树枝晶和TiN颗粒组成,复合涂层明显改善了TC4合金的表面硬度,涂层的最高显微硬度可达9.5 GPa;复合涂层在室温干滑动磨损实验条件下具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损,其耐磨性较TC4合金基体提高近9倍。     

铜板上激光熔覆制备Co-Ni-Cu梯度涂层

用10 kW CO2激光器,通过优化激光快速熔覆工艺参数,先在铜合金上制备镍基韧性过渡层,再在其表层采用同步送粉工艺,在上述镍基涂层表面制备了结合良好且组织细小致密、无缺陷的钴基合金涂层,成功制备了Co-Ni-Cu梯度涂层.铜基体-镍基过渡层-钴基工作层的成分、组织和热物理性能呈现梯度分布,使熔覆过程中的热应力被缓解,完全避免了裂纹的产生.M7C3和M23C6型碳化物及钴基固溶体的形成使钴基工作层显微硬度高达655 HV,是铜合金硬度(90 HV)的7.3倍,而且从铜合金基体至镍基过渡层再到钴基工作层,显微硬度也呈梯度平缓增大,因此涂层具有无裂纹、内韧外硬的特性.     

工艺参数对钛合金表面激光熔覆NiCrTiC涂层组织性能影响

利用激光熔覆工艺在TC4表面制备出原位自生TiC陶瓷颗粒增强Ni基复合材料涂层.利用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS、EPMA对涂层组织结构进行了研究.结果表明:当激光比能为12.5 kJ/cm2时,可获得优异的复合涂层;复合涂层中以TiC为主的陶瓷颗粒增强相弥散地分布在-βTi和-γNi两相固溶体中;涂层显微硬度比基体显著提高.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆NiCrBSiC合金涂层的微观组织

在TC4合金表面进行了激光熔覆NiCrBSiC合金涂层的试验,利用扫描电镜,电子探针和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层的微观组织进行了分析,测试了熔覆层的显微硬度,结果表明,激光熔覆涂层的组织是在初晶γ-Ni和γ-Ni与Ni3B等相组成的多元共晶基底上分布着TiB2 和TiC颗粒,熔履层的显微硬度在HV900－1100之间,比基体钛合金提高了3－4倍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-