玉米秸秆水解的酶法与稀酸法比较

探讨玉米秸秆在纤维素酶及稀酸作用下的水解方法,并从水解影响因素（水解时间、温度、底物浓度等）及水解机理上,比较了两种纤维素酶与稀硫酸对玉米秸秆水解特性.结果表明：由于酶和酸的水解机理不同,对玉米秸秆的水解影响也不一样,酶水解速度慢,水解得率高,条件温和;稀酸水解速度快,水解得率低,对设备要求高.如果酸和酶结合,则玉米秸秆水解得率有很大的提高.     

汽爆玉米秸秆渣诱导产纤维素酶及其水解特性

为提高玉米秸秆的生物降解效率,研究了汽爆处理玉米秸秆渣对纤维素酶的诱导作用及所产纤维素酶的水解特性。结果表明：玉米秸秆采用汽爆处理可以去除大量的半纤维素成分,获得的汽爆渣对里氏木霉NL02合成纤维素酶的诱导作用良好,以10 g/L的汽爆渣为碳源发酵7 d滤纸酶活达到1.90 U /mL。发酵5 d获得的汽爆酶水解效果最佳,当酶用量25 U/g,底物质量浓度50 g/L条件下,水解24 h酶解得率达到95.9%,水解48 h葡萄糖产率为76.4%。当汽爆渣质量浓度为80 g/L,酶用量为15 U/g时,48 h酶解效率达到90.1%,葡萄糖产率为62.9%。     

添加外源物对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆酶水解性能的影响

研究了8种添加物辅助单、双酶水解蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆的效果和规律。结果表明,在8种外源物中,添加Tween-80对β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶水解的促进作用最佳,可显著提高酶水解得率和酶活的稳定性。在底物纤维素质量浓度为50 g/L、纤维素酶用量为15.0μmol/(min.g)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量为30.0μmol/(min.g)的条件下,添加4.0 g/L Tween-80反应48 h,纤维素水解生成葡萄糖和总还原糖的酶解得率分别达到86.85%和93.45%,较空白对照分别提高了7.34%和9.59%,其中可发酵性葡萄糖占总还原糖的92.94%。进一步考察该酶解条件下的蛋白质和酶活回收率,结果表明:添加Tween-80后可溶性总蛋白质的回收率提高了56.83%,β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶酶活回收率分别提高了16.87%和40.04%。     

碱法-酶法处理玉米秸秆的制糖工艺研究

以天然玉米秸秆为原料研究碱法-酶法制糖工艺,考察了碱预处理条件对样品组分变化、酶解效率和总糖得率的影响。试验结果表明,碱预处理具有良好的木素脱除效果,但会伴随半纤维素的损失,为了获得高的总糖得率,必须适当降低预处理强度。试验范围内固液比1∶10,预处理条件为1.5 % NaOH,80 ℃下反应1 h时,总糖得率最高。固相中保留了近100 %纤维素和6958 %半纤维素,木素去除率为54.84 %。预处理样品在底物质量浓度30 g/L,酶用量为纤维素酶15 μmol/(min·g),纤维二糖酶30 μmol/(min·g),水解48 h,纤维素酶解得率从24.18 % 上升至71.29 %,半纤维素酶解得率达到78.85 %。整个工艺总糖得率为66.86 %,较未处理样品提高46.66 %。     

酶水解纤维素条件的优化

为了探究酶水解纤维素的最优条件,以麦草浆为原料,研究纤维素酶用量、pH、水解温度、底物质量分数和酶水解时间对酶水解得率的影响,通过正交实验对酶水解纤维素的工艺条件进行优化.最佳条件为:酶用量27,U,pH,5.5,水解温度50,℃,底物质量分数2%,水解时间60,h.在此条件下,酶水解得率可以达到75.8%.     

超声波对纤维素酶活力的影响

通过外加超声场对纤维素酶活力影响的实验研究发现:较低功率的超声波能使孢子的酶活力有一定提高;在无底物时纤维素酶活力下降,而底物存在时可使纤维素酶的活力有一定提高;超声功率与超声振荡时间对纤维素酶活力影响显著.     

大豆秸秆纤维素菌水解条件的研究

以氨水预处理大豆秸秆为原料,研究了康氏木霉固态发酵产纤维素酶及纤维素酶水解的条件,结果表明:较适宜的产酶条件是温度30℃,pH5.0,培养基固液比1∶2.5,时间为96h,产纤维素酶活力为798.84FPU L,以所产纤维素酶进行酶水解,较适宜条件为:温度55℃、pH为5.6、时间36h、酶水解率为6.98%.由液相谱图经定性分析知酶解液的主要成分为葡萄糖、纤维二糖和木糖,为下一步乳酸发酵实验提供了参考数据.     

SDS强化超声波复合酶法提取黄山野菊花中总黄酮

采用正交试验,以野菊花中黄酮得率为指标,对表面活性剂SDS强化超声波-复合酶法中影响黄酮提取效果的主要因素进行研究。结果表明:酶解最佳提取条件是纤维素酶和果胶酶添加配比为3∶1,添加量为0.04g,酶解温度为30℃,在此基础上提取黄酮得率为8.86%;在复合酶优化结果基础上,进一步进行表面活性剂SDS强化超声处理,SDS强化超声处理的最佳提取条件是料液比1∶50、超声波提取时间65min、SDS溶液质量浓度为0.5%,酶解时间为60min,黄酮得率为13.78%。与其他提取方法相比,SDS强化超声波-复合酶法节能高效。     

脉冲超声预处理对玉米黄粉酶解制备ACEI肽的影响

希望借助超声波预处理,提高玉米黄粉酶解制备ACEI活性肽的反应效率.通过单因素试验和响应面分析法优化得到玉米黄粉脉冲超声预处理的最优工艺:超声频率20 kHz,超声功率1 000 W,超声时间13.18 min,料液温度51.59 ℃,脉冲超声工作间歇时间比2 s/2 s.在上述条件下酶解产物对ACE抑制率达66.24%.与未超声的对照组相比,在保持酶解产物IC50值基本不变的情况下,超声预处理原料后酶解产物的抑制活性提高了74.08%,生产效率提高了55.11%,蛋白转化率提高了55.06%,米氏常数km降低了33.30%.     

金属离子及表面活性剂对纤维素酶水解预处理玉米秸秆的影响

研究了不同的金属离子及表面活性剂对纤维素酶水解的影响,试验表明添加某些金属离子及表面活性剂能够促进纤维素酶的水解,其中Cu2 和Tween80促进效果最佳。50g反应体系在pH 5.0、温度50℃、预处理玉米秸秆（PCS）10 wt%、1300纤维素酶(泽生科技)加入量1g条件水解3 h,添加20 mg/L Tween80的水解液中还原糖浓度比不加Tween80时提高21.3%;添加0.13 mmol/LCu2 的水解液中还原糖浓度比不加金属离子时提高38.2%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.