基于数字图像测量技术的基坑开挖卸荷试验研究

以原状粉质黏土为试验土体,采用三轴数字图像测量技术为基础的测试仪器,对基坑开挖卸荷过程的土体应力路径进行模拟,研究不同应力路径条件下的土体应力-应变关系,分析侧向卸荷对基坑土体抗剪强度指标的影响.试验结果表明,经历侧向卸荷应力路径的土体抗剪强度指标与常规三轴加载试验明显不同.数值计算验证了不同应力路径的试验结果对基坑稳定与变形的影响.为了准确地分析基坑的稳定与变形情况,有必要在试验时尽可能模拟基坑的侧向卸荷应力路径.     

级配土的力学性能试验

为了确定振动压实仿真分析时土壤的本构关系(应力-应变关系)及性能参数,对级配土的动三轴试验数据和直剪试验数据进行回归分析,研究了级配土的强度参数和应力-应变关系.试验结果表明:级配土的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ均随干密度的增加而增加,随含水量的增加而减小;取对数后,lg(c)、lg(φ)与级配土干密度、含水量具有较好的线性关系;振动荷载下,级配土的动应力-动应变关系受固结应力、干密度和含水量的影响较大,在低固结应力时,级配土的动应力-动应变近似呈线性关系.     

降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影响研究

为了研究西藏林芝特有土质边坡在降雨入渗条件下的稳定性,在饱和-非饱和土理论的基础上,利用有限元软件对边坡在发生降雨入渗后土体的孔隙水压力和变形两个方面进行研究.通过数值模拟结果可知,发生降雨后边坡的孔隙水压力与降雨前相比有所上升,并且随着降雨历时的增加,孔隙水压力的影响深度也在持续增加,但在15 m以下的土体中,孔隙水压力随雨水入渗的变化相对较小,说明达到一定的深度后降雨对土体的抗剪强度影响较小;另一方面,雨水的入渗导致了边坡在水平和竖直两个方向的变形,变形的形式主要表现为坡顶的向下沉陷和坡脚处向外侧的移动,并且随着降雨时间的增长变形在不断地增加,导致边坡存在发生滑动变形的趋势.     

基坑开挖应力路径对土体变形影响试验研究

针对基坑开挖过程中复杂应力路径对土体变形特性影响情况开展研究.通过室内试验对基坑开挖全过程进行了模拟,探讨了复杂应力路径下原状土应力-应变关系及孔隙水压变化特征;并对比分析了常规三轴压缩试验与应力路径试验下土体变形性状的差异.试验结果表明:土体的应力-应变关系和孔隙压力受应力路径和初始固结应力的影响明显;常规三轴压缩试验与应力路径试验下的土体应力-应变关系存在较大差异.     

冻结黏土的强度与变形特性及参数研究

为了更全面地分析冻土的强度与变形特性,以皖北某矿取样的原状黏土为研究对象,进行不同温度(-5℃、-10℃、-15℃)下的单轴抗压强度试验和三轴剪切强度试验.试验结果表明,在试验温度下,试样单轴抗压强度的应力-应变曲线为应变软化型;试验条件下,冻土三轴剪切应力-应变曲线可以用双曲线模型描述.随着温度的降低,冻土的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均增加.初始弹性模量和极限偏应力均与围压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关.冻土的抗剪强度随围压增加而增大,随温度增加而减小.通过冻土三轴试验得到的抗剪强度指标推算单轴抗压强度,可以为人工冻结法施工提供理论依据.     

粗粒土应力-应变特征试验

以地震灾区四川省北川县曲山镇粗粒土为研究对象,利用室内GDS静/动三轴剪切仪,以围压、剪切速率、初始围压时间为变量,探讨了不同试验条件下粗粒土的抗剪强度指标变化,分析了粗粒土力学剪切过程和变形破坏形态。试验结果表明:试样的应力-应变曲线均呈现应变硬化现象;围压、剪切速率、初始围压时间对土体的力学特性均有不同程度的影响,其中围压的影响最为明显;土体的黏聚力为20.99 kPa,内摩擦角为22.7°;试样在达到20%的应变时,未出现明显的破裂面,而是呈径向鼓状,外形匀称。研究成果对认识粗粒土变形破坏机理具有一定的意义,同时能够为合理选取室内三轴试验条件参数提供参考。     

土质边坡土体抗剪强度室内外试验研究

结合具体的滑坡工程,通过8个现场水平推剪试验和4组室内反复直剪试验研究了滑带土的抗剪强度指标变化规律、含水量变化对土体强度参数的影响、峰值强度和残余强度之间的差异等.试验结果表明,对于渐进式滑坡,坡体一般有足够的时间形成其滑动面,因此这类边坡的稳定性依靠的应该是它的残余强度,而不是峰值强度.同时,含水量的变化对土样抗剪强度有很大的影响,遇水作用后其强度下降很快,并随着含水量的增加,土体的峰值强度降低,剪切变形增加,这些特性对边坡稳定性非常不利.最后,与室内直剪试验相比,现场水平推剪试验更能按土体实际受力情况来确定试验应力路径,能保证土样的原始结构和含水状态,并沿潜在的滑动方向进行大面积剪切,是一种合理有效的试验方法,试验所得结果值与土体真实值较接近,其结果一般对工程设计是可靠的.图9,表4,参7.     

考虑吸力影响的非饱和黄土均质边坡稳定性分析

通过等吸力三轴试验研究非饱和黄土在控制吸力条件下的应力应变特性,推导了新的吸附强度公式,该公式可预测吸力对非饱和黄土抗剪强度的贡献,并设定工程案例对吸力影响下的非饱和黄土边坡进行了稳定性分析.结果表明:强度参数c随吸力增大而增大,而强度参数φ随吸力的增大基本上不变;在围压一定时,原状黄土的抗剪强度随吸力的增大而增大且应力应变曲线多为硬化型曲线,吸附强度随吸力的增大而增大且呈二次函数关系,边坡安全系数随吸力的增大而增大且呈对数函数关系.     

滑坡触发因素及其影响的原位试验

在相同地质条件下,采用人工降雨模拟试验和机械开挖模拟原位试验,研究滑坡触发因素及其对滑坡的影响.研究结果表明:堆积层边坡在降雨入渗影响下多为浅层松弛型破坏,降雨入渗造成土体中孔隙水压力增加,致使边坡土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力减少及土体吸水软化而降低;堆积层边坡在切坡开挖影响下多为浅层牵引式破坏,变形形态为从坡面到坡面以下逐渐减小的松弛形变形;降雨和入渗双重效应可能是降雨诱发堆积层边坡失稳的主要原因之一,在强降雨影响下,易发生滑塌事故.该研究结果可为滑坡的时间、空间和强度预报提供理论依据.     

降雨条件下二维边坡稳定可靠性分析

大多数滑坡都发生在降雨期间或降雨之后.基于有限元方法与传统的极限平衡法相结合的滑面应力法进行二维边坡稳定性分析,研究了降雨强度、持时和雨型对边坡稳定性的影响.并以可靠性理论为基础,研究了土体抗剪强度不确定性对降雨条件下边坡稳定性的影响.分析结果与重庆地区的降雨滑坡的案例统计分析规律一致.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.