白色抗静电阻燃聚丙烯/玻璃纤维复合材料的制备研究

聚丙烯/玻璃纤维复合材料的绝缘性及易燃性使其应用领域受到限制,为提高其抗静电性能及阻燃性,使用有机盐(OS)为抗静电剂,以马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(MAPP)为偶联剂,在此基础上添加阻燃剂(FR),最终制备出具有优异抗静电、阻燃性能以及较好力学性能的可染色白色聚丙烯/玻璃纤维复合材料.研究发现:仅质量分数为0.25%的有机盐即可有效增强PP/GF复合材料的抗静电性能;MAPP的添加可使体系的拉伸强度有效增强,但使有机盐的抗静电效果降低;阻燃剂的添加可有效提高体系的阻燃性能,并可较好地保持体系的抗静电性以及力学性能.     

新型磷-硅阻燃剂和聚磷酸铵对PP的协效阻燃作用

研究了一种含磷硅高分子阻燃剂(EMPZR)和聚磷酸铵(APP)对聚丙烯(PP)阻燃及力学性能的影响。当APP/EMPZR=20/15(质量比)时,所制得的阻燃PP复合材料氧指数达到28.0%,垂直燃烧达到UL-94 V-2级;与纯PP相比,拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度都没有下降;热失重分析(TGA)测试表明,阻燃PP材料在600℃时的残炭量为21.20%(质量分数),成炭率显著提高;扫描电镜(SEM)对残炭形貌的表征以及氧指数测试前后的阻燃PP材料的红外图谱分析证实了EMPZR和APP在PP中良好的协效阻燃作用。     

协效剂对聚丙烯/氢氧化镁复合材料阻燃和力学性能的影响

采用硬脂酸钠改性后的氢氧化镁与聚丙烯（PP）材料熔融共混,分别以二氧化硅或硼酸锌或聚磷酸铵与季戊四醇的混合物为协效剂,制备氢氧化镁填充量为50%（质量分数）的阻燃聚丙烯。考察了聚丙烯复合材料的燃烧性能、拉伸强度、冲击强度和断面形貌。结果表明：5%（质量分数）的硬脂酸钠改性氢氧化镁填充聚丙烯制备的复合材料拉伸强度、冲击强度和分散性都高于未改性聚丙烯/氢氧化镁复合材料;当协效剂添加量不超过3%时,二氧化硅或硼酸锌对复合材料有协同阻燃和填充增强的作用;聚磷酸铵和季戊四醇的混合物与氢氧化镁有较好的协同阻燃作用,且随着用量的增加,复合材料拉伸强度下降,冲击强度变化不大。     

PA6/ADP/BOZ复合材料的阻燃性能

将合成的双酚A型苯并噁嗪(BOZ)作为成炭协效剂与二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)复配应用于阻燃聚酰胺6(PA6),熔融共混制备了阻燃PA6复合材料.通过UL94阻燃等级、极限氧指数(LOI)、锥形量热(Cone)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及热分析(TG/DTG)等研究了复合材料的协同阻燃性能及作用机制.结果表明:BOZ和ADP在阻燃PA6具有良好的协同阻燃效应.添加0.3%BOZ和9.7%ADP时,PA6/ADP/BOZ复合材料的垂直燃烧达到UL94 V-0级,LOI达到了31.0%,拉伸强度、弯曲强度分别为74.6和109.6 MPa.     

阻燃化改性海泡石纤维/LDPE复合材料的制备与性能

采用带有高活性端基的无卤膨胀型阻燃剂(PSPHD)对海泡石纤维(SEP)进行接枝改性,制备了阻燃化海泡石纤维(PSPHD-SEP);通过熔融共混制备了低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)/海泡石纤维阻燃复合材料;通过拉伸试验和冲击试验对LDPE/SEP,LDPE/PSPHD-SEP复合材料进行了力学性能分析;通过氧指数(LOI)以及垂直燃烧(UL-94)对复合材料的阻燃性能进行了研究;利用扫描电镜(SEM)、漫反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(DR-FTIR)对燃烧后的炭层结构和组成进行了表征和分析。结果表明:两组复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度随海泡石量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且在相同添加量条件下,LDPE/PSPHD-SEP体系的拉伸强度和冲击强度更高。阻燃化改性海泡石纤维(PSPHD-SEP)提高了复合材料的阻燃性能,在与聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)的复配体系中,当阻燃化改性海泡石纤维添加量达到5%时,复合材料的氧指数达到26.8,垂直燃烧测试达到V-0级。PSPHD促进了炭层与海泡石纤维的交联,形成更加致密的炭层,大幅提高了复合材料燃烧后的残炭量。     

氢氧化镁/可膨胀石墨/聚丙烯复合材料的热降解过程与燃烧行为

以可膨胀石墨(EG)和氢氧化镁(MH)为无卤阻燃剂，通过熔融共混法制备了无卤阻燃聚丙烯(PP)复合材料(EG/PP、MH/PP和MH/EG/PP)，采用热重法研究了复合材料的热降解过程，以氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧(UL-94)评价研究了复合材料的阻燃性能，采用锥形量热仪研究了复合材料的燃烧行为.结果表明:MH和EG间存在显著的协同阻燃作用，在阻燃剂质量分数为60%时，MH与EG质量比为5 : 1的MH/EG/PP材料其氧指数可以达到29.7，与MH/PP复合材料相比提高了11.2%；EG与MH协同具有良好的降低热释放作用，与PP和MH/PP相比，MH/EG/PP复合材料的热释放速率峰值(peak-HRR)分别降低了73.9%和34.2%；EG和MH的协同作用大幅度降低了MH/EG/PP的质量损失速率；结合残炭的形貌结果，揭示了EG和MH协同阻燃机理的关键在于增强了炭层的隔热和隔氧作用.     

硼酸盐对阻燃PP复合材料性能的影响

采用熔融共混挤出法,制备了掺杂少量硬硼钙石(CB)或硼酸锌(ZB)的阻燃聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,研究了CB和ZB对填充蜜胺包覆聚磷酸铵(APP-102)、三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)阻燃PP复合材料的燃烧性能、热稳定性、机械性能、熔融结晶性能的影响. 结果表明:少量CB或ZB(质量分数为2.0%)能有效提高阻燃PP复合材料的阻燃性能,极限氧指数(LOI)从25.7%分别提高到27.6%和27.7%,UL-49等级从V-2提升到V-0,热释放峰值(pHRR)和总放热量(HRR)有一定程度的降低; CB和ZB有效改善了阻燃PP复合材料的热稳定性,燃烧时硼元素在表面促进形成连续紧密的炭层; 少量CB或ZB的添加不仅没有劣化阻燃PP复合材料的机械性能,而且使拉伸模量、弯曲模量略有升高,同时提高了阻燃PP复合材料的结晶速率和结晶度. 因此,CB与ZB类似,可被应用于PP的协同阻燃工艺.     

用Epoxy/OMMT纳米复合材料制备阻燃聚丙烯

用环氧树脂/有机蒙脱土(Epoxy/OMMT)纳米复合材料与磷酸三苯酯(TPP)复配制备阻燃聚丙烯(PP).研究了环氧树脂种类、OMMT与环氧树脂的质量比、Epoxy/OMMT与TPP的用量等对PP性能的影响,并通过X-射线衍射分析对材料的结构进行了表征.结果表明,酚醛环氧树脂(NER)与有机蒙脱土制得的NER/OMMT纳米复合材料与TPP复配对PP具有很好的协同阻燃作用,在OMMT与NER的质量比为5∶100,NER/OMMT和TPP用量(质量分数)分别为13.33%和6.67%时,制得的阻燃PP氧指数达到36.5%.     

表面改性赤泥协同阻燃聚丙烯的研究

为了提高聚丙烯(PP)材料的阻燃性能,用硬脂酸对赤泥(RM)进行表面改性后添加到聚丙烯中,制备出PP/表面改性赤泥(MRM)复合材料,并研究了将表面改性后的赤泥与微胶囊红磷(MRP)、氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH)、三聚氰胺(MEL)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氧化锑(Sb_2O_3)、氧化锌(ZnO)进行复配的效果。结果表明,表面改性后的赤泥(MRM)具有更优的加工性能,与PP基体间的相容性更好;在PP基体中添加50份MRM所制得的PP/MRM复合材料的熔融指数比PP/RM复合材料高20.08 g/10 min;MRM与MRP、MH、ATH、MEL、APP、Sb_2O_3阻燃剂进行复配后可以较好地改善PP复合材料的阻燃性能;当PP∶MRM∶MRP∶(MH+ATH)∶MEL∶APP∶Sb_2O_3为100∶95∶10∶25∶20∶20∶20时,PP复合材料的阻燃性能最佳,其氧指数和垂直燃烧等级分别达到29.1%和V-0级。     

表面处理剂对硫酸钙晶须/聚丙烯复合材料的增韧(Ⅰ)

用两种表面处理剂对硫酸钙晶须进行改性,并将其添加到聚丙烯(PP)中制备出了硫酸钙晶须/PP复合材料,对该复合材料的力学性能进行了测试.结果发现:将硫酸钙晶须引入聚丙烯体系后,聚丙烯的冲击强度有显著提高;采用钛酸酯NDZ-401对硫酸钙晶须进行改性时,当晶须的质量分数为10%时,体系的冲击强度能提高85%以上.用扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料的冲击断面形貌和硫酸钙晶须在基体中的分散性进行了观察.结果表明:表面处理能够促进硫酸钙晶须在基体中的均匀分散,很大程度上提高复合材料的冲击强度,改善材料的韧性.表面处理剂对PP/硫酸钙晶须复合体系起到了一定的增韧作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-