南极伊利莎白公主地250年来NO-3浓度变化特征研究

利用1996～1997年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的50m雪芯资料,详细研究了南极伊利莎白公主地250年来NO -3 浓度变化特征.结果表明:在250年尺度上,本地的NO -3 浓度具有明显的季节变化特征.250年来,伊利莎白公主地NO -3 浓度与太阳活动没有相关关系,认为本地的NO -3 可能主要来源于中低纬度地区的闪电和极地高空中的各种大气过程,雪冰中记录的NO -3 浓度可能是其来源、传输路径和沉积过程的综合反映.     

南极伊利莎白公主地250年来NO-3浓度变化特征研究

利用1996～1997年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的50m雪芯资料,详细研究了南极伊利莎白公主地250年来NO -3 浓度变化特征.结果表明在250年尺度上,本地的NO -3 浓度具有明显的季节变化特征.250年来,伊利莎白公主地NO -3 浓度与太阳活动没有相关关系,认为本地的NO -3 可能主要来源于中低纬度地区的闪电和极地高空中的各种大气过程,雪冰中记录的NO -3 浓度可能是其来源、传输路径和沉积过程的综合反映.     

南极洲伊利莎白公主地区250 a来积累率和气温变化研究

利用中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的50m雪芯资料,恢复南极洲伊利莎白公主地区250a来的积累率和气温变化情况.结果表明,250a来,伊利莎白公主地区的积累率和气温大致可以1860年为界分为两段,1860年以前气温和积累率都呈现明显上升趋势,而1860年以后气温明显降低且变率增大,积累率变化不明显.同时,从250a的时间尺度考察近半个世纪以来气温和积累率的结果表明,虽然目前两者都呈现上升的趋势,但都不是历史上的最高值,即百年来全球性升温趋势在本地区并无体现.     

郑州市PM2.5和PM10中水溶性无机离子的污染特征

于2009年10月至2010年8月间采集郑州市大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10样品,对其质量浓度及水溶性离子进行分析研究.结果表明：PM2.5在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为134.9、121.6、77.9和102.0μg/m^3,PM10在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为193.2、184.0、140.9和140.5μg/m^3,日均值超标率分别达77.8%和59%.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度呈现很好的相关性,春季粗粒子在PM10中的比例相对较高,而秋、冬和夏季细粒子是PM10的主要组成部分.主要的水溶性离子是SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^＋,大部分以（NH4）2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;NO3^-和SO4^2-质量比小于1,说明采样期间郑州市大气以固定排放源污染为主.     

IC分析流动相浓度选择的数学模型研究(Ⅰ)

论述离子色谱分析条件优选的数学模型及其在分析近地下水模拟样品中的应用问题。求解由指数函数和对数函数构成的特征方程可知，由等浓度的Na2CO和NaHCO3组成的淋洗液，最佳量浓度为0．00385mol.L^-1。当使用8053A分离柱，最佳量浓度流动相流速为2mL.min^-1时，样品中七种阴离子（F^-、CL^－、NO2^-、PO4^3-、SO3^2-及SO4^2-）的背景抑制电导波峰分辩率均可达到1．50以上。     

离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中7种阴离子研究

研究化学抑制电导-离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中7种阴离子的分析方法．将水样经0．45μm微孔滤膜过滤,经过RP柱处理后连续进样,利用离子色谱仪ICS-3000同时测定F^-、Cl^-、NO2^-、Br^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-、PO4^3- 7种阴离子的浓度．试验采用IonPac AS11A分离拄和IonPac AG11A保护柱,淋洗液由淋洗液自动发生器产生,流速为1．2mL／min．保留时间的RSD为0．06％～0．59％,峰面积的RSD为1．06％～2．36％,各离子加标回收率为87．6％～105．7％,标准曲线的相关系数为0．9959～0．9998．该方法具有灵敏、准确、简便等优点,可用于饮用水中7中阴离子的同时分析．     

Lambert冰川流域东西两侧大气降水的化学特征

1992～1993年,中国科学家参加了澳大利亚南极考察队对Lambert冰川流域西侧的考察,1996年起中国南极考察队对Lambert流域东侧进行了多次考察.本文基于以上考察的研究成果,对Lambert冰川流域东西两侧大气降水的化学特征进行了对比研究.结果表明:Lambert冰川流域东西两侧在1932～1992年,各种离子均有较大的年际变化和年代际变化,东侧过去60年来海盐离子浓度呈现升高趋势,而西侧则呈现下降趋势,可能反映了东西两侧水汽输送能力存在明显的差异.同时,对东西两侧雪冰中的离子浓度进行了EOF分析,表明Lambert冰川流域东西两侧降水中的化学成分主要来源于海盐传输、中低纬度远距离传输和高纬地区局地来源.     

等离子色谱法测定矿泉水中F^—,Cl^—,NO3^—,SO4^2—

本文应用离子色谱法测定了矿泉水、纯净水中F^-,Cl^-,NO3^-,SO4^2-等阴离子,结果表明,利用该法测定以上阴离子,速度快,方法简便,能一次同时测定多种离子,获得准确可靠的定性和定量结果。     

重庆缙云山降水化学组成的季节变化特征分析

对重庆缙云山自然保护区1998-1999年126个降水雨样的主要化学组成成分特征和季节变化特点进行了分析研究，结果表明，缙云山降水pH平均值为5.23，电导率为33.90μs／cm，降水的酸化与污染程度低于重庆市市区，降水pH值和各主要离子表现出明显的季节变化特征，总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏秋季，这可能与降水量的季节分布等有关，降水中NH4^-和Ca^2＋的大量存在极大地中和了酸根离子（SO4^-、NO3^-、Cl^-）对雨水的酸化作用，提高了降水pH，降低了酸雨发生频率，降水pH与各主要离子在冬季表现出显著的负相关关系，碱性阳离子（K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、NH4^-）与SO4^2-的相关性在冬季极为显著，在夏季则较弱，电导率与SO4^2-的相关性表现出同样的季节变化特点。     

大气降水化学组成的统计方法探析

大气降水的化学组成特征是大气环境质量一种表征,分析各种阴阳离子的浓度为酸雨污染控制和提高空气质量提供理论依据。大气降水酸度决定于SO4^2-、NO^-3、C1^-、HCO3^-、NH4^＋、Ca^2＋、Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、H^＋等阴阳离子相对浓度,利用离子平衡分析、相关性、主成份因子以及聚类分析等数理统计的方法对这些离子浓度进行分析,从而可以确定地域大气降水的影响因素,为大气污染治理提供一些相关的理论依据。     

A 780-year record of explosive volcanism from DT263 ice core in east Antarctica

Ice cores recovered from polar ice sheet received and preserved sulfuric acid fallout from explosive volcanic eruptions. DT263 ice core was retrieved from an east Antarctic location. The ice core is dated using a combination of annual layer counting and volcanic time stratigraphic horizon as 780 years (1215-1996 A.D.). The ice core record demonstrates that during the period of approximately 1460-1800 A.D., the accumulation is sharply lower than the levels prior to and after this period. This period coincides with the most recent neoglacial climatic episode, the "Little Ice Age (LIA)", that has been found in numerous Northern Hemisphere proxy and historic records. The non-sea-salt SO42- concentrations indicate seventeen volcanic events in DT263 ice core. Compared with those from previous Antarctic ice cores, significant discrepancies are found between these records in relative volcanic flux of several well-known events. The discrepancies among these records may be explained by the differences in surface topography, accumulation rate, snow drift and distribution which highlight the potential impact of local glaci-ology on ice core volcanic records, analytical techniques used for sulfate measurement, etc. Volcanic eruptions in middle and high southern latitudes affect volcanic records in Antarctic snow more intensively than those in the low latitudes.     

Thinning of the ice sheet in northwest Greenland over the past forty years.

Thermal expansion of the oceans, as well as melting of glaciers, ice sheets and ice caps have been the main contributors to global sea level rise over the past century. The greatest uncertainty in predicting future sea level changes lies with our estimates of the mass balance of the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. Satellite measurements have been used to determine changes in these ice sheets on short timescales, demonstrating that surface-elevation changes on timescales of decades or less result mainly from variations in snow accumulation. Here we present direct measurements of the changes in surface elevation between 1954 and 1995 on a traverse across the north Greenland ice sheet. Measurements over a time interval of this length should reflect changes in ice flow-the important quantity for predicting changes in sea level-relatively unperturbed by short-term fluctuations in snow accumulation. We find only small changes in the eastern part of the transect, except for some thickening of the north ice stream. On the west side, however, the thinning rates of the ice sheet are significantly higher and thinning extends to higher elevations than had been anticipated from previous studies.     

Changes in Greenland ice sheet elevation attributed primarily to snow accumulation variability

The response of grounded ice sheets to a changing climate critically influences possible future changes in sea level. Recent satellite surveys over southern Greenland show little overall elevation change at higher elevations, but large spatial variability. Using satellite studies alone, it is not possible to determine the geophysical processes responsible for the observed elevation changes and to decide if recent rates of change exceed the natural variability. Here we derive changes in ice-sheet elevation in southern Greenland, for the years 1978-88, using a physically based model of firn densification and records of annual snow accumulation reconstructed from 12 ice cores at high elevation. Our patterns of accumulation-driven elevation change agree closely with contemporaneous satellite measurements of ice-sheet elevation change, and we therefore attribute the changes observed in 1978-88 to variability in snow accumulation. Similar analyses of longer ice-core records show that in this decade the Greenland ice sheet exhibited typical variability at high elevations, well within the long-term natural variability. Our results indicate that a better understanding of ice-sheet mass changes will require long-term measurements of both surface elevation and snow accumulation.     

Summer monsoon and dust signals recorded in the Dasuopu firn core, central Himalayas

In September 1997, a 15-m firn core was recovered from an elevation of 7 000 m a. s.l. from the Dasuopu Glacier in the central Himalayas. The analysis of δ18O values and major ion (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+ , SO42- and NO3-) concentrations shows that average annual accumulation is 0.75 m (water equivalent) in the Dasuopu firn core. The seasonal variations of δ18O values and major ion concentrations in the core indicate that present summer monsoon and dust signals are recorded with high-resolution in the Dasuopu Glacier. δ18O in precipitation are controlled by amount effect in summer monsoon season, more negative δ18O is representative of summer monsoon signal in snow layers. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ , Mg2+ , SO42- and NO3-are dominated by spring dust storm imput derived from the arid and semi-arid desert regions in central Asia. Also EOF analysis verifies that high spring concentrations of major ions are consistent. Due to the possibly different sources, the secondary variations of NH4+ and NO3- are negatively relevant with that of Ca2+ and Mg2+ .     

Geochemical characteristics and zones of surface snow on east Antarctic Ice Sheet

The surface-snow geochemical characteristics are discussed on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, depending on the stable isotopes ratios of oxygen and hydrogen, concentration of impurities (soluble-ions and insoluble micro-particle) in surface snow collected on the ice sheet. The purpose is to study geochemical zones on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and to research sources and transportation route of the water vapor and the impurities in surface snow. It has been found that the ratio coefficients, as S1, d1 in the equation δD =S1δ^18O d1, are changed near the elevation 2000 m on the ice sheet. The weight ratio of Cl^-/Na^ at the area below the elevation of 2000 m is close to the ratio in the sea salt; but it is about 2 times that of the sea salt, at the inland area up to the elevation of 2000 m. The concentrations of non-sea-salt Ca^2 ion (nssCa^2 ) and fine-particle increase at the interior up to the elevation 2000 m. At the region below the elevation of 2000 m, the impurity concentration is decreasing with the elevation increasing. Near coastal region, the surface snow has a high concentration of impurity, where the elevation is below 800 m. Combining the translating processes of water.vapor and impurities, it suggests that the region up to the elevation 2000 m is affected by large-scale circulation with longitude-direction, and that water-vapor and impurities in surface snow come from long sources. The region below the elevation 2000 m is affected by some strong cyclones acting at peripheral region of the ice sheet, and the sources of water and impurities could be at high latitude sea and coast. The area below elevation 800 m is affected by local coastal cyclones.     

Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet

During the last interglacial period (the Eemian), global sea level was at least three metres, and probably more than five metres, higher than at present. Complete melting of either the West Antarctic ice sheet or the Greenland ice sheet would today raise sea levels by 6-7 metres. But the high sea levels during the last interglacial period have been proposed to result mainly from disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet, with model studies attributing only 1-2 m of sea-level rise to meltwater from Greenland. This result was considered consistent with ice core evidence, although earlier work had suggested a much reduced Greenland ice sheet during the last interglacial period. Here we reconsider the Eemian evolution of the Greenland ice sheet by combining numerical modelling with insights obtained from recent central Greenland ice-core analyses. Our results suggest that the Greenland ice sheet was considerably smaller and steeper during the Eemian, and plausibly contributed 4-5.5 m to the sea-level highstand during that period. We conclude that the high sea level during the last interglacial period most probably included a large contribution from Greenland meltwater and therefore should not be interpreted as evidence for a significant reduction of the West Antarctic ice sheet.     

利用重力卫星监测2003—2016年南极地区冰盖质量变化

为了研究南极冰盖消融对全球海平面变化的影响,利用2003年1月—2016年6月的重力恢复与气候实验时变重力场数据反演该地区冰盖质量变化,并采用去相关滤波P3M6加上300 km Fan滤波的组合算法削弱条带误差等影响,扣除冰后回弹和泄露误差影响.结果表明:南极地区冰盖质量变化整体表现为加速消融趋势,其质量变化率为(-1...     

Preliminary evidence indicating Dome A （Antarctica） satisfying preconditions for drilling the oldest ice core

Lowest temperature and snow accumulation rate are preconditions for retrieving the oldest ice core from the polar ice sheets. The 10-m depth firn temperature at Dome A, the summit of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, recorded by an automatic weather station （AWS） was -58.3℃ in 2005 and -58.2℃ in 2006, respectively. The 10-m firn temperature is an approximation of the annual mean air temperature （AMAT）, and this is the lowest AMAT that has been recorded on the surface of the Earth. The stable isotopic ratios （δ^18O and δD） of surface snow at Dome A are also lower than at other ice sheet domes along the East Antarctic Ice Divide such as Dome C, Dome F, Dome B and Vostok. These facts indicate that Dome A is the ＂pole of cold＂ on the Earth. The total amount of snow accumulation rate in 2005 and 2006 was only 0.16 cm, equaling 0.016 m water equivalent per year, the lowest precipitation ever recorded from Antarctica. Preliminary evidences indicate that Dome A is a candidate site for recovering the oldest ice core.     

高空浮尘对高海拔山地冰川物质平衡的影响——以西昆仑山崇测冰帽为例

西昆仑山位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘.从海拔6530m钻取的崇测冰帽冰芯发现,20世纪90年代前的60多年间,沙尘沉积和年积累率存在着一致的下降性趋势变化.结合对沙尘源地、沙尘输送路径及其沉积特征的调查研究,分析源——汇的诸多影响因素,探讨影响高海拔地区降水的主导过程,结果表明:1)在高海拔地区,尘埃可能比低海拔地区对降水起着更为重要的作用,这种作用主要是通过凝结核数量的变化发生的;2)在高海拔地区降水形成过程中,悬浮的尘埃数量会直接影响凝结核的数量;3)对于塔克拉玛干沙漠周边这样的干旱环境,大气水汽供应在高海拔地区相对更为充分些,因此与低海拔地区相比,高海拔山地冰川上的降水过程对大气尘埃微粒浓度的变化似乎更为敏感; 4)在沙漠及其周边地区的盛行气候条件下,冰川冰雪积累呈现出逐渐减少的趋势,与沙漠地区气候和环境变化密切相关——过去几十年间塔克拉玛干低海拔区降水增加,沙尘减少;5)这种行将持续的趋势可能会通过大气尘埃的变化继续影响高海拔冰川的物质平衡.本研究的这一发现可能从一个侧面揭示了一些地区性冰川变化的原因,如中亚地区持续了几十年的冰川消退现象.     

Evidence of the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption in South Polar snow

Traces of tephra and increased sulfate (SO ₄ ²⁻ ) concentrations were identified in the 1992–1994 snow layers in 2 firn cores from South Pole. The deposition of the Pinatubo SO ₄ ²⁻ aerosol was delayed due to the long transport to the high south latitudes and its initial existence at high altitudes in the Antarctic atmosphere. Electron microscopic analyses show that the element composition of the tephra is identical to that of volcanic ash found near the Pinatubo volcano in Philippines. Detailed stratigraphic snow sampling resolved the Pinatubo signal from that of Cerro Hudson eruption during August 1991 in Chile. The South Pole sulfate flux from Pinatubo is calculated to be (10.9±1.1) kg·km⁻², while the Hudson sulfate flux is (3.2±1.1) kg·km⁻². This information will be useful to estimating the magnitudes of the past volcanic eruptions recorded in Antarctic ice core.