翅片管束传热及阻力特性的三维数值模拟

在实验的基础上,利用计算流体力学FLUENT软件对空气外掠管束时管外流动和放热性能进行了数值模拟,得到了两种不同管束布置时的对流换热准则关联式及阻力函数关系式。并且通过与前人经过实验而得到的准则关联式相比较,发现文中通过数值模拟得到的准则关联式与其吻合性较好。还总结出了在Re较高时,管束采用叉排布置是不经济的。     

横掠周期性密集管束流动换热的数值模拟

在较宽的雷诺数范围内,使用CFD软件、SIMPLE算法和QUICK格式,对流体横掠不同管间距的顺排密集型管束,在周期性充分发展段的流动换热进行了数值模拟.选用几何间距与经验公式中相同的管束模型进行计算,将数值结果与前人已存在的经验公式和实验结果进行比较,确保数值模拟方法的正确性.通过分析3种不同计算模型的流场、换热系数等,验证了针对高度密集管束采用周期性边界条件和对称性边界条件的合理性.将其与大间距顺排管束的流动换热特性进行对比,结果表明,密集管束换热系数最高可达大间距管束换热系数的3倍,可为工业上换热器管排布置方式提供参考.     

防腐镀(涂)层管束表面对流凝结换热特性

为了考察低温烟气余热回收过程中防腐镀(涂)层管束表面的耐蚀性能和维持珠状凝结的能力,分别对紫铜管和Ni-P镀层、Ni-P-Cu镀层和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)涂层管表面的腐蚀过程和含湿气体(水蒸气和空气混合,水蒸气质量分数为6%~16%)横掠这4种单排水平管束的对流凝结换热过程进行了实验研究及分析.结果表明:Ni-P镀层和Ni-P-Cu镀层管表面耐蚀性能明显优于紫铜管,PTFE涂层管表面具有最佳的耐蚀性能;Ni-P镀层、Ni-P-Cu镀层和PTFE涂层管束凝结换热系数比铜管管束分别提高5%~35%,14%~61%和10%~48%,具有明显促进珠状凝结的能力,Ni-P-Cu镀层管束具有最佳的凝结换热效果.在低温烟气余热回收的实际应用中,当烟气的腐蚀性较大时,优先选择PTFE涂层换热管束;当烟气的腐蚀性较小时,则首选换热效果最好的Ni-P-Cu镀层换热管束.对实验数据进行多元线性回归分析,得到了含湿气体横掠这4种单排水平管束的对流凝结复合换热实验关联式,关联式预测值与实验值的相对误差在±15%以内,因而关联式具有较高的准确性.     

自然对流对螺旋管内湍流对流换热影响

采用控制容积有限元法对有自然对流影响的螺旋管内三维湍流对流换热问题进行了数值分析研究.螺旋管内湍流对流换热利用RNGκ-ε湍流模型进行模拟,近壁处湍流利用非平衡壁面函数法处理.数值迭代计算过程中,利用SIMPLEC算法求解速度与压力的耦合.数值计算详细揭示了螺旋管进口段内湍流混合对流换热的发展过程以及自然对流对传热努塞尔数的影响.     

飞机后设备舱自然对流换热的实验与模拟

飞机后设备舱内换热是涉及自然对流与辐射换热耦合的复杂问题,选择合适的计算模型,利用CFD数值模拟进行计算分析是解决此类问题的简便方法.针对这一问题,搭建了一个可控热边界的实验台,通过实验测量了壁面温度等作为CFD数值模拟的边界条件,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和DO辐射模型进行计算预测.通过对比实验结果与CFD模拟计算结果,发现RNG k-ε湍流模型能较好地预测封闭空间自然对流温度场和流场,自然对流换热和辐射换热分别占总换热量的89%,和11%,.     

螺旋槽管强化传热研究及其在锅炉中的应用

论述了螺旋槽管管内外单相流体传热研究的试验结果,并将试验数据按流动参数、物性参数和几何参数采用无量纲准则数进行整理.给出了在雷诺数Rei=104～105范围内管内无量纲换热系数Nui的关联式,和在Re.=3×103～6×104及Re.=3.3×103～105范围内气流横掠螺旋槽管错列和顺列管束的管外无量纲换热系数Nu.的关联式,该关联式可以作为螺旋槽管换热器的设计依据.介绍了螺旋槽管作为空气预热器在电站煤粉锅炉中的广泛应用,给出了几个应用螺旋槽管空气预热器解决锅炉具体问题的实例,表明了螺旋槽管空气预热器的显著优越性.     

大涡模拟研究液态金属在环形管道内的湍流换热

使用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为Re=8 900和分子普朗特数Pr=0.01,0.026,0.2,0.4,0.71条件下对环形管道内的湍流对流换热过程进行数值模拟,计算分析湍流传热场中的平均温度、温度脉动、湍流热通量及湍流普朗特数Prt等物理量.通过与传统流体(Pr=0.4,0.71)的计算结果进行比较,研究了液态金属流体(Pr=0.01,0.026)的湍流对流换热特性.结果表明,液态金属流体湍流换热过程中分子热传导占主导地位,其湍流温度边界层内的线性区变长、对数律区变短甚至消失,温度脉动、湍流热通量变小.此外,相对于传统流体,液态金属的湍流普朗特数Prt比较大,且对Pr的变化很敏感.     

横掠管束非稳态周期性充分发挥流动的数值模拟

以锅炉省煤器中的流动和换热为应用背景,分别采用稳态和非稳态的数学模型对横掠管束的周期性充分发展流动进行了数值模拟,结果表明,在Re大于150到小于1000的范围内,横掠管束的周期性充分发展流动问题是非稳态的,当采用稳态模型时,数值计算结果会随迭代次数的增加而振荡,得不到收敛的稳态解,当采用非稳态模型计算时,对节距较小的情况,在管的后缘处得到对称的非稳态涡;对节距较大的情况,在管的后缘处得到周期性脱落的非对称涡。     

新型内翅式氮气换热器对流换热性能研究

通过实验的方法研究了一种新型内翅式氮气换热器的对流换热和阻力特性,建立了所测Re范围内对流换热和阻力实验关联式,并且在相同质量流量、相同泵功率、相同阻力降的条件下比较了该翅片管与普通光管之间的传热效果.与类似的波纹管的换热效果进行了比较,结果表明,新型内翅式氮气换热器具有较好的换热效果,特别是在较低Re条件下,效果更加明显.     

叶片前缘旋流蒸汽冷却流动和传热的数值研究

通过求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程和标准k-ω湍流模型,数值研究了旋流蒸汽冷却的基本原理,分析了冷气雷诺数和来流温比对流动和传热特性的影响,旨在阐明旋流蒸汽冷却的原理,总结其流动传热的变化规律。在此基础上对无量纲换热系数Nu、雷诺数Re和来流温比φ进行数值拟合,得到旋流蒸汽冷却的传热关联式。研究表明:冷气在旋流腔内的高速转动引起强烈的径向对流运动,使得换热增强;增大雷诺数能够增大冷气的涡量,有效提高旋流腔的换热系数,同时降低阻力系数;增大来流温比使得冷气的涡量增大密度减小,旋流腔的换热系数略有减小,阻力系数显著降低;综合换热因子随着雷诺数的增大而增大,随着来流温比的增大而减小;拟合的传热关联式与数值计算结果吻合良好,可以准确地预测蒸汽旋流冷却的换热系数。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-