CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2催化剂上CO_2氢化反应的研究

本文在研究CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2催化剂上CO_2+H_2反应动力学的基础上,通过TPD-MS测试及表观活化能的测算,探讨了CO_2+H_2合成甲醇的反应途径以及第三组份ZrO_2对合成甲醇的促进作用。结果表明,CO_2+H_2反应过程存在合成甲醇及水煤气转换这两个平行的竞争反应。ZrO_2加入CuO/ZnO双组份催化剂中,改善了催化剂的催化性能。     

多段原料气冷激型甲醇合成塔的定态模拟——优化设计及优化操作

以CO、CO_2平行加H_2为甲醇合成的关键反应,以CO、CO_2作为关健反应组分,建立了多段原料气冷激型甲醇合成塔催化床的一维拟均相数学模型。应用C301铜基催化剂甲醇合成的宏观动力学方程,采用Powell直接搜索法,给出达到一定产量、反应器体积最小的优化设计;同时也给出在反应器体积一定的情况下,取催化剂不同的寿命因子时,使产量达到最大的优化操作的模拟计算。由此提供了多段原料气冷激型反应器的优化设计和优化操作的方法。     

三相床甲醇合成过程II.C302催化剂甲醇反应本征动力学

研究了 C30 2型铜基催化剂上由 CO、CO2 与 H2 合成 CH3OH的本征反应动力学。为使本征动力学模型能应用于三相床甲醇合成过程 ,实验所用原料气中 CO浓度较高 ,范围为 y CO=0 .0 8～ 0 .2 6 ,压力和温度均在合成甲醇工业操作的范围内。选用双速率的 Langmuir- Hinshelwood方程来描述系统的本征反应速率 ,该模型的计算值与实验结果相吻合。     

NC306铜基催化剂上甲醇合成的本征动力学研究

采用微型等温积分反应器,在5 MPa、225~271℃,原料气中CO、CO2和H2的摩尔分数分别为5.13%~14.23%、0.56~9.20%和61.96%~77.48%的条件下,对国产NC306型低压铜基甲醇合成催化剂的本征动力学特性进行了实验研究.基于CO和CO2竞争加氢双路线合成甲醇反应模式,以Simplex-Powell复合优化法和Merson迭代法对动力学实验数据进行搜索、选优,建立了NC306型低压铜基甲醇合成催化剂的L-H-H-W型动力学模型.统计检验结果表明,所建模型良好地吻合了实验数据,是适宜和可信的.     

甲醇合成系统中二氧化碳的作用

常压下研究了二氧化碳在甲醇合成系统中的作用和H_2-CO-CO_2-H_2O-CH_3OH混合物的动力学特性。认为二氧化碳的存在能保持催化剂表面的活性状态,促进甲醇分解与合成的速率。在有二氧化碳存在的甲醇分解与合成反应系统中,变换反应接近平衡。     

载体焙烧温度对Pt/FeO_x催化剂的CO催化氧化及其抗H_2O和CO_2的影响

以不同焙烧温度的FeO_x为载体制备了负载型Pt催化剂,考察了其在不同反应条件下的CO催化氧化性能及其抗H_2O和抗CO_2性能.结果表明:在CO+O_2条件下,Pt/FeO_x-300催化剂(载体经300℃焙烧)性能最好,可能与催化剂中最高的Pt物种分散度有关;而Pt/FeO_x-400催化剂中尽管Pt分散度较低,但其γ-Fe_2O_3晶相的存在使催化剂具有更强的还原能力,从而也保持了较高活性.在反应气氛中加入H_2O能有效促进催化剂活性和稳定性;反应动力学显示,H_2O的加入可能在催化剂表面形成大量羟基,而CO与表面羟基之间的快速反应开辟了新的反应路径,从而提高了反应活性.研究对理解不同晶相的FeO_x在H_2O和CO_2存在条件下的反应行为提供了实验证据.     

三相床甲醇合成过程I.富CO合成气甲醇合成宏观反应动力学

以液体石蜡为液相介质 ,在富 CO合成气条件下研究了 C30 2铜基催化剂上 CO、CO2 加氢合成甲醇的宏观反应动力学 ,得到了相应的动力学模型 ,通过对模型进行比较 ,认为在 CO浓度较高的情况下 ,幂函数模型优于 Langmuir- Hinshelwood模型。实验结果表明 ,催化剂和液相介质在富 CO合成气条件下表现出良好的适应性。     

低压铜基甲醇含成催化剂活性表面的XPS和TPD表征

对用共沉淀法制备并经氢预还原活化的三组份 Cu-ZnO-Al_2O_3 和四组份Cu-ZnO-Al_2O_3-M_2O_3(M=Sc~(3+)、Cr~(3+)或In~(3+))铜基甲醇合成催化剂进行 XPS,XPS-Augcr,TPD谱表征及CO吸附量测定,研究铜基甲醇合成催化剂活性表面铜的化学态。根据原子价补偿原理及本实验结果,在温和还原条件下,催化剂活性表面存在少量Cu~+,它是 CO、H_2 的吸附活性位。     

超临界CO_2与甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯

以碳酸钾和碘甲烷为催化剂 ,在 CO2 的临界点附近研究了由 CO2 与甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯 ( DMC)的新工艺 ,考察了反应温度及反应压力对合成 DMC的影响 ;根据超临界 CO2 所具有的性质 ,讨论了该反应的机理。     

三相床甲醇合成过程Ⅰ.富CO合成气甲醇合成宏观反应动力学

以液体石蜡为液相介质,在富CO合成气条件下研究了C302铜基催化剂上CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的宏观反应动力学,得到了相应的动力学模型,通过对模型进行比较,认为在CO浓度较高的情况下,幂函数模型优于Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型.实验结果表明,催化剂和液相介质在富CO合成气条件下表现出良好的适应性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the